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Environmental Biology (Chapter 53 (Models of population growth (3…

- - - - number of individuals per unit area or volume
      - ex. number of E. coli bacteria per mL in a test tube
    - - pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
      - 3 common dispersion patterns
        
        random - plants
        
        uniform - birds
        
        clumped - humans
    - - births
        
        babies!
      - deaths
        
        self-explanatory
      - immigraton
        
        the influx of new individuals from other areas
      - migration/emigration
        
        mvmt of individuals out of a population and into other locations
  - - - population increase when members all have access to food and free to reproduce at physiological capacity
      - characteristic of pops introduced into new environments or whose #s were drastically reduced by catastrophic event or rebounding
    - - per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached
      - levels out limited resources
    - - Type I - humans, dogs
      - Type II - rabbits, frogs, turtles
      - Type III - fish, insects, squirrels
      - Survivorship curves show population over time by age
    - - max population size for resources that are available
      - varies over space and time w the abundance of limiting resources
    - - R > 0 - population is growing
      - R < 0 - population is declining
      - R = 0 - zero pop. growth when birth and death rates are equal
      - R for humans - 1.1%/1.2%
    - - births + immigration - deaths + emigration
  - - - intrinsic - population interactions/social
      - toxic waste
      - territoriality - defense of space against encroachment by other individuals
      - predation
      - disease
      - competition
    - - natural disaster - earthquake, hurricane, tornado
      - loss of food supply
  - - - 3 main variables
        
        how often the organism reproduces
        
        how many offspring are reproduced per episode
        
        when reproduction begins
      - semelparity & iteroparity
        
        iteroparity
        
        repeated reproduction/ produce relatively few but large offspring each time
        
        ex. humans
        
        semelparity
        
        ex. salmon produce thousands of eggs in a single opportunity
        
        "one and done" / single reproduction
      - R-selection #
        
        as many offspring as possible, w resources available
        
        ex. bottom of food chain - rabbits, bugs
      - K-selection #
        
        limited # of offspring, assuming resources are limited
        
        ex. top of food chain - humans, bears
    - - 3 countries w/ highest population
        
        China, India, US
      - 3 countries w/ highest growth rate
        
        all in AFRICA
    - - summarizes land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes & absorb all the waste it generates
      - developed countries
        
        25 acres per person
      - undeveloped countries
        
        2.7 acre per person
- - - - Wetlands
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        blended, supports plants adapted to H2O-saturated soil
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        fresh water/salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        basin wetlands, riverine wetlands, fringe wetlands
        
        dom. organisms
        
        pond lilies, woody plants, moss // dragonflies, birds, otters, alligators, frogs
      - Streams/Rivers
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        movement of water
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        fresh water / salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        shallow sections, deeper pools, rocky/sedimentary bottom
        
        dom. organisms
        
        phytoplankton, rooted aquatic plants // diverse fish
      - Lakes
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        temp. lakes seasonal thermocline / tropical lakes thermocline yr round
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        fresh water
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        oligotrophic lakes - nutrient poor, O2 rich/ eutrophic lakes - nutrient rich
        
        dom. organisms
        
        A: rooted, floating plants in littoral zone, phytoplankton in limnetic zone // H: fish, zooplankton
      - Estuaries
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        transition between river and sea
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        complex network of tidal channels, islands, levees, mudflats
        
        dom. organisms
        
        saltmarsh grasses, algae // worms, oysters, crabs, fish, waterfowl
    - - Intertidal Zones
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        rich environments
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        rocky, sandy, tidal waves
        
        dom. organisms
        
        algae, seagrass // sponges, anemones, echinoderms, small fish
      - Ocean Pelagic Zones
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        deeper ocean
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        70% of earth's surface/ avg. depth 4k meters, deepest 10k meters
        
        dom. organisms
        
        phytoplankton // dolphins, krill, jellies, turtles, lg. marine mammals
      - Coral Reefs
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        rich environment, harbor as much life as shallow reefs
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        fringing reef / barrier reef / coral atoll
        
        dom. organisms
        
        coral, cnidarians // high diversity of fish and invertebrates
      - Marine Benthic Zones
        
        phys. characteristics
        
        seafloor // except for near coastal areas receives no sunlight
        
        chem. characteristics
        
        salty
        
        geo. characteristics
        
        bottom of the ocean
        
        dom. organisms
        
        seaweed, algae, autotrophic eukaryotes // fish, arthropods, echinoderms
  - - - Tropical
        
        savanna
        
        precipitation
        
        temperate, seasonal rainfall, dry season up to 8/9 months
        
        dom. organisms
        
        scattered trees, grasses, forbs // wildebeests, zebras, lions, hyenas, termites
        
        location
        
        equatorial and subequatorial
        
        chaparral
        
        precipitation
        
        highly seasonal, rainy winters and dry summers
        
        dom. organisms
        
        shrubs, small trees, evergreens // deer, goats
        
        location
        
        midlatitude coastal regions, ex. California
        
        tropical forest
        
        precipitation
        
        very wet
        
        rainforests: 200-400cm annually / dry forests: 150-200cm annually
        
        dom. organisms
        
        animal diversity higher here than any other terrestrial biome
        
        location
        
        equatorial and subequatorial regions
        
        tropical desert
        
        precipitation
        
        dry, low precipitation
        
        location
        
        in bands near 30 degrees N and S of equator
        
        dominant organisms
        
        snakes, lizards, seed eating rodents // cacti, deep-rooted shrubs
      - Temperate
        
        shrubland
        
        precipitation
        
        dry
        
        dom. organisms
        
        shrubs, cacti // foxes, snakes
        
        location
        
        new mexico
        
        temperate broadleaf forest
        
        precipitation
        
        seasonal
        
        dom. organisms
        
        closed canopy, 1/2 understory trees, shrub layer, herb layer
        
        diverse bunch, mammals hibernate in winter, many birds migrate
        
        location
        
        midlatitudes of N. Hemisphere, sm. areas in Chile, S. Africa, Australia, and NZ.
        
        temperate desert
        
        location
        
        northern Colorado plateau
        
        precipitation
        
        dry
        
        dominant organisms
        
        cacti // camel, jack rabbit, snakes, roadrunner
        
        temperate grassland
        
        precipitation
        
        often highly seasonal, w/ relatively dry winters and wet summers
        
        periodic drought common
        
        dom. organisms
        
        grasses and forbs // bison, horses, prairie dogs
        
        location
        
        veldts - S. Africa / puszta - Hungary / pampas - Argentina/ steppes - Russia
    - - Polar
        
        tundra
        
        precipitation
        
        20-60cm annually, may exceed 100cm in alpine tundra
        
        location
        
        20% of earth's surface,
        
        dom. organisms
        
        lichens, dwarf shrubs, trees // bears, wolves, foxes
        
        polar desert
        
        location
        
        Arctic, Antarctic
        
        precipitation
        
        little to none
        
        dominant organisms
        
        barren
      - Sub-Polar
        
        sub-polar desert
        
        location
        
        Alaska, small areas at high altitudes around Mediterranean Basin
        
        precipitation
        
        very little, dry
        
        dom. organisms
        
        also cone-bearing trees // bears, penguins, seals
        
        coniferous forest
        
        precipitation
        
        seasonal, 30-70cm, periodic droughts
        
        coastal coniferous forests are temp. rainforests w/ 300cm rain
        
        location
        
        broad band across northern N. America & Eurasia
        
        largest terrestrial biome on Earth
        
        dom. organisms
        
        pine, spruce, fir, hemlock // moose, brown bears, siberian tigers
  - - - Major factors that produce different environments
        
        Coriolis effect
        
        rainshadow effect
        
        warm, moist air approaches mountain
        
        air cools as it rises, releases water on windward side of mountain
        
        cool air flows inland from ocean/water
        
        dry, cool air descends, absorbs moisture
        
        leeward side of mountain becomes desert
        
        tilt of the Earth
        
        sun strikes tropics most directly, means more heat and more sun exposure
        
        at higher altitudes, light energy is more diffuse on earth's surface
        
        Biome Change
        
        variation of disturbances
        
        succession
        
        natural change in landscape over time
      - determined largely by input of solar energy and earth's mvmt in space
      - Poles
        
        at low angle of incoming sun
        
        none to some seasons
      - solar radiation is the main form of heat for the Earth
      - Seasonality/Seasons
        
        seasonal cycles occur mid to high altitudes
        
        global changes in day length, solar radiation, temperature change, and angle of sun
      - EARTH
        
        latitude
        
        imaginary horizontal lines across earth's surface
        
        longitude
        
        imaginary vertical lines across earth's surface
        
        climate & weather
        
        climate
        
        long term, constant weather in an area
        
        4 major phys. factors of the Earth that affect climate
        
        tempurature
        
        precipitation
        
        sunlight
        
        wind
        
        tilt
        
        23.5 degree tilt, seasonal variation in sunlight intensity
        
        wind
        
        two major forces creating wind
        
        earth's rotation #
        
        intense solar radiation
        
        trade winds
        
        wind towards equator from NE in north & SE in south
        
        westerlies
        
        wind from WEST in mid-latitudes of N or S hemispheres
        
        doldrums
        
        inactivity, stagnation, or depression of wind
        
        occurs along equatorial region of Atlantic ocean
    - - community - group of populations of different species
      - ecosystem - between organisms and environment / energy flow & chemical cycling
      - population - focus on group of individuals in same species
      - landscape - exchange of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems
      - organismal - focuses on specific organisms
      - global - sum of all ecosystems and landscapes (biosphere is global ecosystem)
    - - abiotic and biotic environmental factors
        
        abiotic
        
        nonliving / light, H2O, nutriends
        
        biotic
        
        living / animals, birds, plants, fungi
      - microclimate vs weather
        
        microclimate
        
        very fine, localized climate
        
        weather
        
        specific to time and place
      - ecotone #
        
        integrated area between major terrestrial biomes
  - - - region along a shore
    - - region at the lowest level of a body of water
    - - woody plant, smaller than a tree
    - - layers/regions of ocean reached by sunlight to allow plant growth
    - - high mountains
    - - portion of a body of water with little to no sunlight
    - - seasonal climate, bouts of rain or drought
    - - upper layers of the open sea
    - - hot climate, can be dry or wet
    - - marked by a layer above and below where the water is different temperatures
    - - tree/shrub sheds its leaves annually
    - - rate at which organisms are depleted or replaced
    - - permanently green type of plant
    - - mvmt from one breeding site to another
      - mvmt of individuals from birth site to breeding site
    - - permanently frozen layer of soil
- - - - associating one stimuli with an effect
      - "treat training" - dogs associating click or bell with getting fed
    - - taught complex behavior by trial and error
      - EX. Skinner Box: taught rats by pulling a lever to eat when it saw a green light flash
    - - has to occur during the critical period of time in animal's life
      - baby ducks fixating on a "mother"
    - - same stimuli over and over again and begin to ignore it
      - sea anemone would eat shrimp given to it, when the shrimp was replaced with plastic it was eaten once or twice then ignored because the anemone wasn't getting a "food hit"
    - - a series of actions taken to completion
      - EX. a goose pulling an egg back to its nest if it has been moved away, so it can continue incubating
    - - watching another organism and mimicking them
      - octopi learning from watching other octopi how to solve a puzzle
    - - genetic instinct that an organism has from day one
      - EX. "grasping reflex" in babies/animals
    - - high level intelligence developed from living socially
      - chimpanzee stacking boxes to get to a banana
  - - - sexual selection
      - optimal foraging model
      - natural selection
    - - eating
      - avoid predators
      - sexing
      - raise young