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Animal Behavior (Types of Behavior (Innate (genetically programmed, reflex…

- - - - natural disasters, drought
    - - availability of food, predation, disease, and migration
  - - - World population reached:
      - 1 billion 1804
      - 2 billion 1927 123 years later
      - 3 billion 1960 33 years later
      - 4 billion 1974 14 years later
      - 5 billion 1987 13 years later
      - 6 billion 1999 12 years later
    - - the impact of a person on the environment, the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
- - - - contributes to the circular motion of the wind around pressure systems which move weather patterns
    - - A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind
      - Rain is blocked
    - - Causes seasons
      - the equator is the hottest part of the planet is because its surface is perpendicular to the sun's rays.
      - At higher latitudes the same amount of solar radiation is spread over a larger area, due to Earth's spherical shape
  - - - near the equator
        
        hot all year round, 200-400 centuimeters (80-100 inches) of rain a year
        
        nutrient-poor
        
        greatest diversity of any biome; vines, orchids, ferns, and a wide variety of trees
        
        more species of insects, reptiles, and amphibians than anyplace else; monkeys, other small and large mammals, including in some places elephants, all sorts of colorful birds
    - - midlatitudes
        
        generally very hot days, cool nights; precipitation less than 10 inches a year
        
        poor in animal and plant decay products but often rich in minerals
        
        none to cacti, yuccas, bunch grasses, shrubs, and a few trees
        
        rodents, snakes, lizards, tortoises, insects, and some birds. The Sahara in Africa is home to camels, gazelles, antelopes, small foxes, snakes, lizards, and gerbils
    - - equiltorial and sub-equatorial regions
        
        Warm year round. Precip is 30-50 cm annualy
        
        many types of grasses in the savanna, such as Rhodes grass, red oats grass and lemon grass
        
        can support high densities of grazing animals. species that live in herds, including zebras and antelopes, and the predators that prey on them, like lions and cheetahs.
    - - mid latitude
        
        Low precip 30-50 cm
        
        Seasonal temp.. avg for summer is 30 C winter is 10 C
        
        poison oak, scrub oak, Yucca Wiple and other shrubs, trees and cacti.
        
        coyotes, jack rabbits, mule deer, alligator lizards, horned toads, praying mantis, honey bee and ladybugs.
    - - midlatitudes, interiors of continents
        
        cool in winter, hot in summer; 25-75 cm of precip a year
        
        rich topsoil
        
        mostly grasses and small shrubs, some trees near sources of water
        
        american grasslands include prairie dogs, foxes, small mammals, snakes, insects, varous birds. African grasslands includeelephants, lions, zebras, giraffes.
    - - Temperature 30°F to 80°F
        
        Rainfall 50 inches or more
        
        Soil poor, often rocky
        
        , trees like the spruce, evergreen, pine, aspen, jeffery pine, fir and, of course the conifer
        
        moose, snakes, eagles, bob cats, geese, bunnies, lynx, frogs, beaver,etc..
    - - midlatitudes
        
        relatively mild summers and cold winters, 76-127 centimeters (30-50 inches) of precipitation a year
        
        rich topsoil over clay
        
        hardwoods such as oaks, beeches, hickories, maples
        
        wolves, deer, bears, and a wide variety of small mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects.
    - - high northern latitudes
        
        very cold, harsh, and long winters; short and cool summers; 10-25 centimeters (4-10 inches) of precipitation a year
        
        nutrient-poor, permafrost layer a few inches down
        
        grasses, wildflowers, mosses, small shrubs
        
        musk oxen, migrating caribuou, arctic foxes, weasels, snowshoe hares, owls, hawks, various rodents, occasional polar bears
  - - - These range from a few square kilometres to thousands of square kilometres
        Limited species diversity
      - Salinity, nutrient content vary between lakes
        
        Oligotropich lakes are nutrient poor
        
        eutropich lakes are nutrient rich
    - - These are flowing bodies of water that are found almost everywhere. They start in areas such as mountains, springs and lakes and move to the "mouth" such as the ocean.
      - saltiness increases towards mouth.
      - oxygen rich
    - - Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants. Marshes, swamps and bogs are all considered wetlands.
      - soil and water are low in dissolved oxygen
      - Filter nutrients and pollutants
    - - transition between river and sea
      - salinity varies spaitially
      - Salinity also varies with the rise and fall of tides
    - - where most oceans meet the land. Sometimes it is submerged and at other times it is exposed
      - Oxygen and nutrient levels are high and renewed with each tide
    - - waters further from the land, known as the open ocean
      - oxygen levels high
      - Nutrient levels vary between seasons
    - - distributed in warm shallow waters.
      - require high oxygen levels
      - obtains nutrients through photosynthesis
    - - area below the pelagic zone, but does not include the very depths of the ocean.
      - Just enough oxygen for life