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Physyiology Psychology (Early Brain Development the brain maturation that…

- - - - The Axon: translate the signal away from the cell body.
        
        Myelin sheath: improves the speed of connection and avoids escaping of the message
      - The cytoeskeleton: Gives the neurone its characteristic shape.
      - The Neuronal membrane: canals where things can pass. Things that allow for change in the cells. Its an exitable membrane.
      - Dendrites: the dendrites are detecting and taking things in the nerve cell. greek word 'dendron" for "tree".
      - Soma: the roughly spherical central part of the neuron. The watery fluid inside the cell, called the cytosol, is a salty, potassium- rich solution that is separated from the outside by the neuronal mem- brane
        
        Nucleus: Within the nucleus are chromosomes which contain the genetic material DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).It is contained within a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
        
        Rought Endoplasmatic reticulm: In neurons, many ribosomes are attached to stacks of membrane called rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER neurons make use of the information in genes by synthesizing proteins. Protein synthesis occurs at dense globular structures in the cytoplasm called ribosomes.
        
        Ribosomes: a minute particle and associated protein found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. Ribosomes use the blueprint provided by the mRNA to manufacture proteins from raw material in the form of amino acids.
        
        Golgi Aparatus : “post-translational” chemical processing of proteins. One important function of the Golgi apparatus is believed to be the sorting of certain proteins that are destined for delivery to different parts of the neuron, such as the axon and the dendrites. Packs into vesicles
        
        Mitocondrias : Are the site of cellular respiration. Inhales (subproducts of sugar, fat, proteins an oxygen from cytosol and exhales adenosine triphosphate.
    - - Synapse: a lot of connections are open to change. depending and wether, time, etc. New connections can be made and others can dye back.
        
        Chemical: Most common on adults. Consider the basic requirements of chemical synaptic transmission. There must be a mechanism for synthesizing neurotransmitter and packing it into the synaptic vesicles, a mechanism for causing vesicles to spill their contents into the synaptic cleft in response to a presynaptic action poten- tial, a mechanism for producing an electrical or biochemical response to neurotransmitter in the postsynaptic neuron, and a mechanism for remov- ing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. And, to be useful for sensa- tion, perception, and the control of movement, all these things must often occur very rapidly, within milliseconds
        
        Neurotransmitters
        
        Acetylcholine
        
        Receptors: convert the intercellular chemical signal (i.e., neurotransmitter) into an intracellular signal (i.e., a change in membrane potential or a chemical change) in the postsynaptic cell. The nature of this postsynaptic response can be quite varied, depending on the type of protein receptor that is activated by the neurotransmitter.
        
        G-protein coupled receptors:The receptor proteins activate small proteins, called G-proteins, which are free to move along the intracellular face of the postsynaptic membrane. The activated G-proteins activate “effector” proteins. It enters the nucleus and binds to the DNA, thereby inducing gene expression
        
        Transmitted-gated Ion Channels: when a ligand binds to an ion channel-linked receptor, conformational change—just a slight twist of the subunits—which within microseconds causes the pore to open, this usually induces immediately a postsynaptic action potential. e.g: ACh-gated ion channels at the neuromuscular junction are permeable to both Na􏰂 and K􏰂
        
        excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)t- spatial summation - temporal summation.
        
        inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
        
        Electrical: they allow the direct transfer of ionic current from one cell to the next. Electrical synapses occur at specialized sites called gap junctions.It usually has a ion channel pore. Ions and second messengers can move between cytosol (a component of the cytoplasm). (a) Either direction & (b) transmission extraordinarily fast. (Eg. Suprachiasmatic nucleus.)
        
        Gap junction: Occur on various types of cells not only neurones. A narrow gap of only 3.5 nm. 6 connexins (proteins) form one connexon that makes one Gap Junction Channel. Allow for ionic current pass between both directions. e.g babies have a lot of chemical and electric gap junction in neurons. Its believe is helps neurons to coordinate development
      - Action potential: The inside of the neuronal membrane at rest is negatively charged (􏰂65 mV) in relation to the outside. The action potential is a rapid reversal of this situation such that, for an instant, the inside of the membrane becomes positively charged in relation to the outside. The action potential is also often called a spike, a nerve impulse, or a discharge. This difference is generated by concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure.
        
        Sodium Influx (Na+ Rising phase - Overshot)
        
        Potasium Efflux (K+ falling phase)
        
        Rest state
- - - - Parietal Lobe: primary integration of senses and forming perception. Spatial and sense navigation.
        
        Primary Sensory Cortex: Located in the Postcentral Gyrus, toes foot leg , knee , hip, trunk.Primary Somatosensory Cortex – Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information
        
        Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination
      - Occipital Lobe: is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skul. Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli.l
        
        (V2)Visual Association Area – Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex. - Palinopsia?
        
        (V1)Primary Visual Cortex – This is the primary area of the brain responsible for sight -recognition of colour, light, motion, dimensions, etc.
      - Frontal Lobe: The region of the cerebrum lying an- terior to the central sulcus under the frontal bone
        
        Broca's Area: Speech and Language production area.
        
        Orbitofrontal Cortex: It is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus, and is thought to represent emotion and reward in decision making. Phineas Cage
        
        Primary motor cortex:Brodmann’s area 4, located on the precentral gyrus; the region of cortex that, when weakly stimulated, elicits localized muscle contractions; also called M1.
      - Temporal Lobe: The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association.
        
        Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing. such as possible relations to language switching
        
        Wernickie's Area - region of the brain that is important for language development.
    - - Hypocampus : memory. Nerve cells with a homogeneous structure. Stric patter.
- - - - Adolescentbrainisneuroplasticundergoingspecific and significant remodelling
      - • Changes in grey matter & white matter ( inverted u shape)
      - • Process of fine tuning brain developments (Synapsis Prooning)
      - • Use it or lose it
      - • Adolescence and young adulthood is a time of great potential for change and development
      - Amygdala and limbic system (subcortical) tend to dominate the prefrontal cortex functions– this results in a decrease in reasoned thinking and an increase in impulsiveness
      - • Becauseofimmaturebrains,adolescentsdonot handle social pressure, instinctual urges, and other stresses the way adults do
      - • A major part of adolescence is learning how to assess risk and consequences — adolescents are not yet skilled at these tasks