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GEOGRAPHY (Energy Resource (non-renewable All except uranium found under…

- - - - Wind - KE of moving wind
        
        advantages
        
        land below wind turbines can still be used
        
        comes in different sizes
        
        clean and renewable
        
        disadvantages
        
        noise pollution
        
        affect wildlife
        
        unsightly
        
        wind may not blow constantly
      - Hydro - GPE from dams
        
        advantages
        
        low cost
        
        water can be reused
        
        no pollution
        
        disadvantages
        
        over time sand and mud clog up dams
        
        affected during drought
        
        behind the dam will be flooded= people relocated
        
        limited mountainous sites
        
        affects natural flow of water and ecosystem
      - Solar - light and heat from the Sun
        
        advantages
        
        abundance
        
        no emission of greenhouse gases
        
        availability
        
        disadvantages
        
        costly to build and maintain
        
        cloud cover blocks sunlight
        
        storage when little or no sunlight
      - Geothermal - heat from the Earth's core
  - - - about 300-400 mil yrs lack of oxygen partial decomposition
      - bottom of ocean
    - - about 300-400 mil yrs lack of oxygen partial decomposition
      - bottom of swamp
    - - about 300-400 mil yrs lack of oxygen partial decomposition
      - bottom of ocean
    - - disadvantages
        
        opening and closing costly
        
        long time to build plants
        
        nuclear waste is dangerous
        
        uranium is not renewable
      - advantages
        
        fewer raw materials needed
        
        uranium is cheaper
        
        small amount can generate a mil times more energy
        
        cheaper
    - - Industrial
        
        coke + iron ore + limestone + burnt at a very high temp = molten iron - further processed to make steel
        
        infrastructure
      - Transportation
        
        aeroplanes : jet fuel
        
        cars : gasoline
        
        heavy trucks : diesel
      - Domestic
        
        synthetic fibre
        
        synthetic rubber
        
        plastic
        
        electricity
  - - - harder to gain access between/within countries to energy supply
      - increase in energy costs
      - increase in cost of goods produced by fossil fuels
    - - industry expansion
      - increase in standard of living
      - improvement of infrastructure
- - - - dense foliage throughout the year
  - - - using up resources to fast
      - replanting rate is slower
      - lose the trees forever
    - - if mankind carries out reforestation
  - - - growth
        
        slow and restricted
        
        due to
        
        limited sunlight that passes through the continuous canopy layer
      - about 20 metres
    - - bushes and saplings
      - growth
        
        slow and restricted
        
        due to
        
        limited sunlight the passes through the continuous canopy layer
      - 2 to 5 metres
    - - trees
        
        grow closely together (dense)
        
        crowns interlock
        
        almost continuous layer
      - 20 to 30 metres
        
        to reach for sunlight
      - other plants
        
        lianas (thick woody vines)
        
        epiphytes (ferns/ orchids/ mosses/lichens)
        
        grow on trees
        
        receive more sunlight
        
        increased chances of seed/spores dispersal
      - blocks 90% of the sun's rays from reaching the ground
      - most animals are found here
    - - competing for space and sunlight
        
        Plants
        
        thin
        
        widely spaced
        
        small
      - leaf litter
        
        fungi
        
        mosses
        
        hot and wet environment
        
        decompose easily
        
        dead leaves
      - sparse
        
        little vegetation
      - other plants
        
        epiphytes (ferns)
        
        lianas (thick woody vines)
    - - above 30
        
        tall, straight and smooth trunk
        
        for more efficient water flow down
        
        50m-80m
  - - - waxy,leathery or hairy surfaces to minimise the loss of moisture through transpiration due to high temp
      - drip tips to allow water to run off easily and prevent fungi and bacteria from growing on the leaves
      - broad to capture sunlight for photosynthesis
    - - buttress roots:large roots (1 to 5m above ground) to support the heavy weight of trees
      - shallow roots
        (below the ground)
        
        leaf litters provide nutrients (on the top layer) of the soil
        
        water available throughout the yr : no need to search for ground water
    - - tall, straight trunks with branches spread out at the top to help obtain max sunlight
- - - - East and West of upright globe
    - - Between Africa and Australia
    - - Above Canada and USA
    - - In the middle of North America, South America and Africa
    - - Bottom of globe (Antarctica)
  - - - Argentina
      - Peru
      - Brazil
    - - South Africa
      - Kenya
      - Morocco
    - - Mexico
      - USA
      - Canada
    - - UK
      - Spain
      - Germany