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Media Violence (Processes of influence (More persuasive violence in media…

- - - - High TV exposure related to higher belief that "The world is a dangerous and violent place" - reflects irrealistic nature of TV e.g. law enforcements using fire-arms
      - Long-term effects
  - - - Decreases
        
        Severity perception of injuries
        
        Empathy for victims of violence
        
        Attention to acts of violence
      - Increases
        
        Belief that violence is normal
        
        Positive attitudes towards violence
    - - Video Games violent vs control... Reaction times slower for violent group - test: to stop current task and intervene in an argument happening in the periphery
        
        Less attention to violence
      - Cinema- "The Ruins" Prior to viewing movie - all participants showed equal pro-sociality toward person in need (dropped crutches). After viewing movie - those who watched violent content less likely to help person in need
        
        Less empathy/ attention/ severity perception
      - fMRI brain activity lesser for those who watch more horror movies when presented with violent content - Physiology
  - - - Same media shown but labelled as either (1) Hollywood re-enactment or (2) a Real documentary. Measure aggression using Milgram-style shock task
      - Also, evidence that video games realism has increased over time
  - - - Too simple? Demand characteristics?
- - - - Andison 31 lab exp. - 1977
        
        Measure aggression with Milgram-style electric shocks or white noise headphones or hand in ice water tasks
        
        Violent or control content viewed
        
        Supports theory that media can influence aggression towards strangers
      - Wood field studies - 1991
        
        Increase in verbal and physical aggression due to exposure to violent films
        
        Ethics - carried out in young offenders institutes
- - - - Inverse relationships Video game violence has increased, whilst youth violent offences has decreased - 1966 - 2011
      - "Violent crime": rape, murder, robbery, assualt
      - Most VGs now are rated 'Teen' or 'Mature' (5-25 rating, average = 21.4)
      - Perhaps aggressive VGs allow for an outlet of violent behaviour?
      - Unclear whether worldviews are being influenced since this would probably not be reflected in crime rates
- - - - Williams Remote Canadian communities who only just got TV... show higher violent attitudes and behaviours - specifically crime rates
        
        Longitudinal - causation :check:
        
        Unclear if violence in media is the cause - could be that TV increases materialism, which increases robberies etc
      - Parke prison-like settings find same relationship
    - - 7yr olds rated for aggression by: self, peers and teachers
      - 7yr olds measured for TV exposure
      - follow-up 17yr olds - do they have aggressive tendencies/ a criminal record?
      - Cross-lagged correlation allows to disentangle causation and see which factors have biggest influence
      - Reveal that TV exposure @ youth predicts aggression/ criminality later... NOT that aggression predisposition (@ youth) predicts aggression/ TV watching later
      - Huesmann followed up 30 years later 2003 and found that correlation still stands - but gender gap has closed and women = men