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Environmental Biology (ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (Innate/ instinct (anything animals…

- - - - Observational learning
        
        watching another organism and mimicking them
        
        Ex: octopus
        
        insight
        
        clear learning and understanding
        
        Chimpanzees
- - - - changing angel of sun affects environments
      - Ex: wet and dry seasons produced at tropical forest
      - seasonal changes in wind alter ocean currents
        
        cause upwelling of cold deep water
    - - affect climate, heat and cool air that passes inland
        
        EX: cool, misty climate in California supports coniferous rain forest along west
      - coastal regions wetter than inland at same latitude
    - - influence air flow over land
      - warm, moist air causes air to rise and cool on windward side, on leeward side cool dry air absorbs moister creating rain shadow
        
        Rain shadow: when range of hills shelter a regions from rain-bearing winds
        
        determine where deserts are found
        
        ex: Mojave desert, gobi desert
      - affect amount of sunlight, thus temp & rainfall
        
        south facing slopes get more sunlight than north facing slopes
        
        influence species distribution
    - - localized patterns in climatic conditions
      - influenced by: casting shade, altering evaporation from soil, changing wind patterns
      - Ex: under forest trees
  - - - major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes
    - - plot of annual mean temp & precipitation in a region
      - Ex; see fig. 52.10
    - - named for major physical or climatic features & predominant vegetation
        
        also for microorganisms, fungi, & animals adapted for environment
        
        vertical layering of vegetation important
        
        ecotone: area of integration of biomes
      - temperate grass lands
        
        found in middle latitudes, moderate climate
      - disterbance
        
        event such as storm, fire, or human activity
        
        Ex: fires help woody plants clear out of savanna's
  - - - aquatic biomes
        
        characterized by physical and chemical environment
        
        less latitudinal variation
        
        ocean largest marine biome
        
        greatly impacts biosphere
        
        provides most of planets rainfall
        
        temp have major effect on global climate and wind patterns
        
        marine alge and photosynthetic bacteria supply world's oxygen
- - - - can be impractical or impossible to count all individuals
      - various sampling techniques use to determine densities and total pop. size
      - Ex: mark-recapture method
    - - factors that add: birth and immigration
      - Factor that remove: deaths and emigration
    - - diff. in density give insight into biotic and abiotic factors
      - Clumped
        
        individuals are aggregated in patches
        
        Ex; Plants and fungi, some amphibians
        
        salamanders may be clumped under a log
        
        associated with mating behaviors
        
        increases effectiveness of predation or defense
        
        Ex; a wolf pack
      - uniform
        
        evenly spaced out
        
        may result from direct interactions between individuals in pop.
        
        Territoriality: defense of bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals
        
        Ex: pants secrete chemicals that stop other plants from growing around it
      - Random
        
        unpredictable spacing
        
        position of individuals in pop. is independent of other individuals
  - - - exponential models
        
        changes in pop. size
        
        change in pop size = Births + immigrants - Deaths - emigrants
        
        Exponential growth
        
        pop with abundant food and free to reproduce increases instantly
        
        equation: dN / dt = rN
        
        r is the intrinsic rate of increase
        
        per capita rate at which an exponentially growing pop increases in size
        
        results in J shaped curve
        
        logistic model
        
        carrying capacity
        
        varies over space and time
        
        limit number of individuals that can occupy a habitat
        
        symbolized by K
        
        Logistic population growth
        
        the per capita rate of pop growth approaches zero as pop nears carrying capacity
    - - density independent
        
        birth or death rate that doesn't change with pop density
        
        Ex: morality of dune fescue grass
      - Density dependent
        
        death rate that increases with pop density or birth rate that falls with rising density
- - - - Motivations
        
        mate
        
        eat
        
        avoid predators
        
        raise young