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Chapter 4 (Vocabulary (Semantic rules: Rules that govern the meaning of…
Chapter 4
Vocabulary
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Syntactic rules: Rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols.
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Reappropriation: The process by which members of a marginalized group reframe the meaning of a term that has historically been used in a derogatory way.
Connotative meanings: Informal, implied interpretations for words and phrases that reflect the people, culture, emotions and situations involved.
Convergence: Accommodating one's speaking style to another person, usually a person who is desirable or has higher status.
Denotative meanings: Formally recognized definitions for words, as in those found in a dictionary.
Divergence: A linguistic strategy in which speakers emphasize differences between their communicative style and that of others to create distance
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Linguistic intergroup bias: The tendency to label people and behaviors in terms that reflect their in-group and or out-group status.
Language: A collection of symbols, governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals.
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Slang: Language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group
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Jargon: Specialized vocabulary used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds and experience
Emotive language: Language that conveys an attitude rather than simply offering an objective description.
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Euphemism: A mild or indirect term or expression used in place of a more direct but less pleasant one.
Abstract language: Language that lacks specificity or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data.
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Examples from the text
The power of language: The meaning of our name has a lot of influence over our values, attitude and beliefs.
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Language is rule governed: Words in french and english are spelled the same but could have different meanings.
Disruptive language: Emotive language(A man in commanding vs a woman is demanding. A man is forceful, a woman is pushy.
Meanings are in people not words: Fourth of july, the message of jesus christ, your necklace that your sister always wears.
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Gender and language: When it comes to romance its complicated(in a study showed that men are likely to talk about sex than women)
Key Ideas
Gender and Language
Men and women are different. Women don't talk more than men. Mean and women talk about different things. Mean and women communicate for different reasons.
Troublesome language
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Disruptive language : Not all linguistic problems come from misunderstandings, sometimes people understand one another perfectly.
Evasive language: People use euphemisms and equivocations two types of languages that speakers use by to design to avoid communicating clearly.
The power of language
Language shapes values, attitudes and beliefs: The power of language to shape ideas has been recognized throughout history. Besides shaping the way we view ourselves and others, language reflects our values, attitudes and beliefs.
The nature of language
Meanings are in people, not words
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Examples from your life
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The way I use social media these days in order to communicate with people, I use synaptic rules in order to text people.
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My name is an example of symbolism that shapes my value, beliefs and attitude.