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Ch. 51, 52, 53 (Biome Geography Terms (Population Terms (Emigration…

- - - - Individuals exiting a pop.
    - - Study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, disease, etc. in relation to humans
    - - Individuals moving into a pop.
    - - Group of subjects with a common defining characteristic - ex. age group
    - - Pattern of spacing of individuals - clumped, random, uniform
    - - Statistics relating to life/death rates for a given category of people
    - - The number of individuals per unit of volume
    - - Graph showing the number of individuals surviving/dying in relation to each age for a given group
    - - A group of a single species - generally situated in the same area
    - - Population = constant by limiting the number of births to only what is needed to replace the existing population
    - - Assuming resources are unlimited; pop. goes up - J shaped curve
    - - Study of size and age composition of populations - the biological and environmental processes driving them
    - - Group of populations separated by space - same species
    - - Transition from high birth/death rates to lower ones as a region develops to an industrialized economic system
    - - A pop. pyramid - shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
- - - - K = Carrying Capacity
      - Rate of growth as population increases
      - Logistic Growth - population decreases as N approaches K
      - N = Population Size
    - - this was because of antibiotics and medicine
        
        highest populations are in China, U.S., and India
  - - - Natural disasters, drought, food supply loss
    - - Uniform
        
        Resulting from direct interactions between individuals in a population - territoriality
        
        ex. Penguins
      - Random
        
        Position of each individual is independent of others - occurs in the absence of strong physical or chemical factors
        
        ex. Seeds blown by wind
      - Clumped
        
        When food is abundant, animals will "clump" together to use available resources and breed
        
        ex. Starfish, mushrooms
    - - Tilt of the axis varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees
      - Winter happens in the hemisphere tilted away from the Sun
      - Summer happens in the hemisphere tilted towards the Sun,
      - Carbon Cycle
        
        Helps maintain a balance in chemical reactions across the Earth
        
        Carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth
- - - - ex. (1) ducklings ability to imprint on their mother or humans
      - Behavior stemming from a critical period during an animal's life
      - (2) children imprinting on parents/prominent figures in their lives
    - - ex. (1) Pavlov's dogs - dogs responded to Pavlov's presence/bell ringing by salivating in association with him feeding them
      - (2) dogs associating doing tricks with getting food/reward
      - A response becomes associated with a particular stimulus
    - - ex. (1) in greylag geese and egg rolling, moving an egg back to the nest if it's displaced
      - A behavior triggered by a stimulus, runs to completion once initiated
      - (2) Humans yawning
    - - Multiple, varied attempts which are continued until success or end of attempts
      - ex. (1) dogs finding different ways to escape a fence - digging, jumping, ect.
      - (2) crows solving puzzles
    - - A behavior an animal is born with, does not have to be practiced or learned, instinct
      - ex. (1) dogs suckling, chewing, sniffing, etc
      - (2) salmon and migratory/mating patterns
    - - ex. (1) prairie dogs stop doing their warning calls after being around humans multiple times
      - (2) animals such as dogs, cats, squirrels becoming used to humans in their surroundings - don't react
      - A behavioral decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations - desensitized
    - - (2) octopi are able to learn behaviors from other octopi
      - ex. (1) babies learning from their mother
      - Learning behaviors from other organisms by watching them
    - - Higher level problem solving
      - ex. (1) chimp using a stick to retrieve a banana out of reach
      - Ability to recognize things without trial and error - a combination of learned behaviors and associations
      - (2) crow learning that bringing money to a human would result in getting food from vending machine - higher lvl associations
  - - - Stimulus/event that is immediately/closely related to causing a result
    - - The overall reasoning for why something may be
      - ex. Peppered moths and their wing coloration
- - - - Location: Equatorial and subequatorial regions
      - Warm year-round, 24-29 degrees Celsius but with some seasonal variation - seasonal rainfall and dry seasons
      - Scattered thorny trees - fires are common in dry seasons; some plant species are adapted to fires. Grasses and forbs grow rapidly
      - Insects and large mammals make up the wildlife population in savannas
      - Human impact: Fires set by humans can help maintain the biome - cattle ranching has led to declines in large-mammal populations
    - - Rainfall varies - 70-300 cm
      - Temperatures vary based on location - can range from -10 degrees Celsius to 30 in the summer
      - Location: Across N. America and Eurasia - largest terrestrial biome on earth
      - Dominated by cone-bearing trees - mostly to conserve water and for snow protection
      - Migratory birds, moose, brown bears, periodic outbreaks of insects are examples of wildlife in these areas
      - N. Coniferous forests are being logged at an alarming rate
    - - Temperature varies seasonally and daily - usually extremes; may exceed 50 degrees Celsius or fall below -30 degrees Celsius
      - Widely scattered scarce vegetation
      - Location: Near 30 degrees north and south latitude
      - Deserts are home to snakes, birds, rodents, and insects
      - Because of irrigation systems, humans are able to live in some desert areas
    - - Rainfall is seasonal - rainy winters and dry summers
      - 10-12 degrees Celsius during fall, winter, and spring. Summers average at 30 degrees Celsius and can exceed 40
      - Location: Midlatitude coastal regions
      - Dominated by shrubs and small trees - plant diversity is high. Some plants are adapted to fires, produce seeds that germinate only after a fire
      - Many native mammals include deer and goats as well as birds, insects, and reptiles
      - Chaparral areas have been urbanized - humans contribute to the fires in these areas
    - - Major rainfall
      - 25-29 degrees Celsius with little seasonal variation
      - Location: Equatorial and subequatorial
      - Plants and trees (broad leaf evergreen, orchids) are numerous
      - Home to millions of animals and highest animal diversity
      - Humans are now cutting down tropical forests and developing urbanized areas in them or using their resources
    - - Location: Prairies in Central N. America, veldts in S. Africa, the steppes of Russia
      - Rain is highly seasonal, dry winters and wet summers - periodic drought
      - Cold winters -10 degrees Celsius and summers around 30 degrees Celsius
      - Vegetation is largely grasses and forbs - grasses sprout quickly after fires
      - Wildlife consists of large grazers such as horses and bison - burrowers
      - Much grassland has been converted into farmland
    - - Rain averages from 70 to over 200 cm annually
      - Winter temperatures average at 0 degrees Celsius, while summer temperatures can get up to 35 degrees Celsius - summers are hot and humid
      - Location: Midlatitudes in the N. hemisphere
      - Distinctive closed canopy, understory trees, shrub layer, and herb layer - deciduous trees
      - Animals include mammals, birds, and insects - many animals hibernate in the winter
      - Logging and urban development remain a problem for these areas
    - - Rainfall ranges from 20 - 60 cm annually in arctic tundra, may exceed 100 cm in alpine tundra
      - Herbaceous plants - dwarf trees and lichens; permafrost restricts the growth of plant roots
      - Covers expansive areas of the Arctic - 20% of Earth's land surface
      - Caribou, foxes, oxen, bears, wolves, and migratory birds make up the wildlife pop.
      - Tundra is not urbanized by humans, but has become a focus of mineral and oil extraction