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Opposition groups in Tsarist Russia (Social Revolutionaries (SRs) (Support…
Opposition groups in Tsarist Russia
Liberals
Zemstva thought to be "the seedbeds of liberalism"
Grew in strength after failure of Tsarist regime to deal with the Great Famine (1891-92)
Union of Liberation
Formed January 1904
Wanting a constitutional monarchy, free vote for everyone
Formal organisation
Formed two main parties
Kadets
Support
Liberal intelligentsia
Paul Milyukov
Constitutional Democrats
Octobrists
Beliefs
Civil rights
Free elections
Rule of law
Parliamentary democracy
Some thought the zemstva should be extended to a regional or national level
Methods
Reform, not violence
Using the zemstva
Newspaper articles
Support
Middle-class intelligentsia, eg...
Doctors
Teachers
Engineers
Lawyers
Trudoviks (Labourists)
Beliefs
Agrarian reform/ Agrarian socialism
Mainly deputies representing peasantry
Alexander Kerensky
Social Democrats
RSDLP split at Second Party Congress in 1903
Mensheviks
'Minoritarians'
Beliefs
Party should be open to anyone who wants to join
Be democratic, members should have a say on policy
Encourage trade unions to help the working class improve their conditions
Following Marxist ideology
Believed there'd be a period of bourgeois democratic government before the workers develop a class and revolutionary consciousness and take power
Support
Members of intelligentsia
Broad range of people
Non-Russians, eg Jews, Georgians
Range of workers
Leader
Bolsheviks
Trotsky (August 1917)
Lenin
Largely caused the split of Mensheviks and Bolsheviks, had different beliefs to others
Beliefs
Party made up of a small number of highly disciplined
Centralised leadership
Made up of small cells (of three people) which are separated from others so party is hard to infiltrate
It was the job of the Party to bring socialist consciousness to the workers
'Majoritarians'
.
People thought this type of party would lead to dicatorship
Support
Young, more militant workers who liked order
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) (1898)
Set up by George Plekhanov/Vera Zasulich
Translated Marxist work into Russian
Published newspaper,
Iskra
(spark)
December 1900
Lenin was on the editorial board
Social Revolutionaries (SRs)
Placed hope in revolution in the peasantry
Land taken from landowners and given to peasantry
Pledge: Land given "to those who worked it"
Leader
Victor Chernov
Methods
Agitation, terror
Assassinations
2,000 government officials assassinated between 1901 and 1905
Assassination of Minister of the Interior, Plehve in 1904
Support
Large support from peasantry, represented the peasantry
By 1905, 50% of membership was industrial workers
Likely because most of them were ex-peaants
Loose organisation, anyone welcome. Had wide range of views
Stemmed from the Populist movement
Merged into the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1901-1902
Unlike Populists, they accepted capitalism as fact
Though thought peasants could skip capitalism straight to rural socialism based around the commune
Needed proletariat to rise up
Octobrists
Beliefs
Thought the constitutional government should go no further than what was said in the October Manifesto
Wanted a new legal order and co-operation between the government and the public
Still wanted strong Tsarist rule
Preservation of the Empire
Support
Industrialists
Landowners
Businessmen
Leaders
Mikhail Rodzianko
Landowner
Alexander Guchkov
Factory owner
Rightitsts
Beliefs
autocrat
Monarchy
Chauvanism
Orthodoxy
Pan-Slavism
Anti-Semitism
Rightwing groups such as
Union of Russian People
Leader was Vlaimir Purishkevich
Violent towards left wing and Jews
Helped by Black Hundreds
Land and Liberty
Party split in 1879
The People's Will
Violent, terrorist methods
Black Partition
Peaceful
Methods
Terrorist actions, violent
Narodniks (Populists)
"Go to the people"
Peasantry were indifferent or hostile, reported them to the authorities
Trials arresting Narodniks in 1877
Trial of the 50
Trial of the 193
The National Groups
Represented national minorities
Poles
Finns
The peoples from the Caucasus and Central Asia
Some were Russian nationalists who wanted to preserve the empire
Progressists
Mainly businessmen or members of the zemstva
Beliefs
Wanted more reform than the Octobrists
Growth of Opposition before the 1905 Revolution and the Revolution itself