Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Developing World Final (Environment and Development (Tragedy of the…

- - - - Private: Ones family, village, community
      - Gain: Monetary, jobs, access
      - Public: Anyone in Government
    - - Elite: High Level
      - Bureaucratic: Low Level
  - - - Colonial Institutions:
        
        Set up extractive institutions
      - Less Developed
        
        Can't call out government because no education & no journalism
      - Underpaid Workers
        
        Need to feed your family (Controversial)
      - Oil/Mineral Wealth & Aid
        
        New capital only goes to top level of government with no accountability
    - - Economic costs
        
        makes provision of public goods inefficient; lost development from waste of resources.
      - Political costs
        
        filling seats with your cronies (friends, family members, like minded actors)––lose LEGITIMACY
      - Enviromental costs
        
        resource depleting industries require permits from government, which creates an opportunity for corruption. By giving the wrong people permits, people who want to exploit the environment, the environment suffers.
      - Social costs
        
        Less confidence in gov
        
        Brain Drain
        
        Fatalism sets in
- - - - Base Rate fallacy: only 3/1000 pairs have engaged in conflict
      - People instead exploit ethnic differences
    - - Political system is unfair/ exploitive
    - - Natural resources, weak institutions, & foreign support creates low opportunity cost for conflict
    - - Mountains can allow rebel groups to hide
      - Large pop encourages competition
      - Natural resource trap
  - - - Loss of institutions
      - Loss of social structures, family
      - Loss of communal trust
        
        No one trusts each other
      - Loss of productive workforce
- - - - Missing 7 women in ratio
    - - 23% never born
      - 15% die as young children
        
        Abortion
        
        Culture favoring men
      - 24% die in child birth
      - 38% die in old age due to no elderly care
  - - - Fewer children born later in life
  - - - Corruption experiment in world bank with indonesia
        
        Government accountability
        
        No accountability
        
        Community accountability
    - - India & Village Councils
        
        1/3rd of council chair must be women
        
        Women spent more on drinking water, roads, & welfare programs
        
        Less on irrigation
        
        Worked the fields that they do the most
- - - - Productivity Loss
        
        If youre sick you cant work
      - Lost tourism rev
      - Lost investment
      - Diverted resources
  - - - Larger budget, more pressure from taxpayers
    - - Research, more people are hip
    - - Win votes
    - - Noncooperation
      - Favoritism
    - - Rich people just get private health care
    - - Theres a war
  - - - Abstinence
      - Safe Sex
        
        This did the best
      - None
- - - - Government twice as dependent on oil than other industries
        
        25% of the economy, 50% of gov revenue
      - Gov Ownership: Everyone but US nationaized
      - Rents
        
        Past normal profits
        
        Scarcity
        
        Low elasticity
      - History
        
        Post colonization
        
        Decline in 7 sisters
        
        OPEC
        
        Upfront Costs
        
        Hybrid
    - - Not much people employed by oil
        
        Employment doesn't really benefit wider economy
        
        Learning by doing
        
        Skills aren't transferrable
      - Dutch Disease
        
        Price of currency goes up
        
        Exports more cheaper
        
        Home goods more expensive
        
        Takes capital away from other industries
    - - Inelasttic
      - Nationalisim
        
        Market Forces > Contracts
      - Production
        
        Eventually Depleates
  - - - Exports cheaper
        
        Home goods more expensive
- - - - Weaker regulations
      - Inefficient cases
    - - Science advancements
      - Better public transport
      - Better regulations
  - - - Technology
      - Markets
        
        We can consume at a lower price
    - - Everything goes to shit in 100 years
  - - - No cost use
      - No law to limit exploitation
    - - But no incentive short term to change
    - - Collective downfall
  - - - Do all countries have the write to develop in the way the west did
    - - Should newly industrialized countries regulate
      - Rich countries might get screwed over helping out
    - - Ask workers to take less from enviroment?
        
        They're just trying to put food on the table
- - - - Education leads to human capital
      - Child nutrition & care
    - - Trade (exports)
      - Foriegn Direct Investment (Creates Jobs)
      - Human Capital
  - - - Paul Kagame
      - Singapore
    - - Strong Government
      - Incorruptible Bureaucracy
      - Red-Carpet Welcome for Investors
- - - - Capital -> Investments -> Economic Growth
    - - Those countries cannot generate growth
        
        Provide initial capital through financial aid
  - - - Need a "big push" of aid
      - Aid mostly given to crisis
      - But this doesn't help people to invest
      - Instead, need to focus on practical needs
    - - Aid does not turn into investment
        
        The big push idea doesn't work
      - Aid overlooks bad governance
      - Incentive Problem: Why improve?
      - Debt problem :warning:
        
        Aid just recycles loans
        
        CCT's are short term & uncertain
- - - - If goes into this definition then action is required
      - 20% household in severe food shortage
      - 30% of children accurately malnourished
      - 2 deaths per 10,000 everday
    - - Free government is the way to get it
    - - Sachs: Get them a little ahead so big ups
      - Direct targeted efforts
  - - - Bring expertise to specific development problems
      - Bring resources to specific development problems
        
        People like specific causes
        
        Apolitial
        
        Easy to support
    - - NGO replace the work that the government usually does
        
        Moral hazard
      - Becomes a corporate entity
        
        If I finish this work, no more jobs
        
        Job incentives > goals
      - Fundraising
        
        Distorts activities
        
        Crisis porn
        
        Sending bus around town
  - - - Organizations
      - Rules
      - Norms
  - - - The poor lack capital, savings are insecure
        
        MFI can fix both
      - Take risk out of lending
    - - No written contracts
      - No collateral
        
        Peer pressure
      - Benefits
        
        No starting capital
        
        Incentive not to default
        
        Security for savings
      - Criticisms
        
        High interest (12% - 20%)
        
        Men might hijack control from wives
        
        Encourages risk: Debt trap
        
        Cant repay big loans
- - - - International Bank for Reconstruction & Development IBRD
        
        Lends to good credit countries to be self sufficient
      - International Development Association IDA
        
        Interest free loans to poorest
    - - Model is outdated
        
        Attaches certain provisions to loans
        
        But now countries can get loans from China, Private sectors
      - Undemocratic system
        
        Informal institution
        
        President of World Bank American
        
        IMF pres a european
      - Policies lead to more corruption & waste
        
        No accountability, slush fund
      - Policies favor US & Euro interest
        
        Neoliberalism
        
        1 dollar = 1 vote but distribution is fixed
  - - - General Secretary
        
        1 country = 1 vote
        
        Self policing
        
        No policing, no teeth
      - UNSC
        
        Two year term for the 5 new peeps
        
        New peeps every year
        
        5 permanent peeps with huge veto power
    - - Countries in Security council are bought off by World Bank projects
- - - - Wealth creates the preconditions for democracy
        
        Turns into demands for people
    - - Devaluation/ Flexible Exchange Rates
        
        Exports easier to buy
        
        But pay more for goods at home
      - Privitization
        
        Gain efficiency
        
        But Job loss
      - Streamlined Bureacracy
        
        Less Waste
        
        Job loss
      - Short term costs run into democratic demands
  - - - Hella Tax Revenue & Productivity
      - Don't have to spend much on old & young
      - Working age outnumbers young & old
    - - Large working age group retires
      - Not enough workers to cover needs
      - How to fix
        
        Mandate savings
        
        Kwan Yew from Singapore required everyone to save 1/3rd of income
        
        Immigration
        
        High skill workers
        
        But notion of nation gone
        
        Have more babies
        
        Government policy
        
        But against cosmopolitan culture
  - - - Too much traffic
      - Solutions
        
        Suppress Demands
        
        Higher down payment for cars
        
        Odd/even driving rations
        
        Vehicle registration quotas
        
        Leads to corruption
        
        Rush hour limits
        
        Increase supply
        
        Increasing road spaces just leads to more people on the road
- - - - Disgusting inequality
      - Exploitation
      - Westernization
    - - Increased wealth overall
      - Demonstartion
        
        Take the good parts of culture
    - - Lower skilled workers in rich countries lose
        
        No job (direct)
        
        Increased competition leads to lower wages (indirect)
      - Workers in developing countries gain
        
        More jobs
        
        Compete for labor leads to higher wages
      - Firms gain
        
        More money made
      - Consumers gain
        
        Products are cheaper
      - Higher skilled workers in rich countries win
        
        Need more managers due to expansion
    - - Bigger Scope
      - Increase in price of oil
        
        Figure out ways to lower transportation
        
        Diversify production
      - Land prices increase
        
        Just in time inventory
        
        More inventory
      - Technology
  - - - Expanding freedom is an expanse of responsibility