Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Significance of AA leaders (MX (Achievements (Encouraged BP and direct…
Significance of AA leaders
Fredrick Douglass
Achievements
offered position to run Freedmen's bureau
anti-slavery newspaper
actively protested slavery
Failures
No lasting impact
impact diminished after CW
Booker T Washington
Achievements
Tuskegee institute (E/S)
1881
Promoted education for AA's
Negro Business league (1900) (E)
Gained backing of influential white entrepreneurs e.g. Andrew Carnagee (E)
Failures
Atlanta compromise (1895) - argued AA's should accept segregation and rights should wait
Focused on working with the system, rather than trying to change it
His negative view of the importance of the Vote (P) = criticism
Ida B Wells
Achievements
1884 - campaigned against bus segregation
refused to give up seat on train - forcibly removed and sued the rail line
challenged lynching by speaking to the branches of the National association of coloured women - founder (NACW) - (1896)
Founding member of NAACP
Failures
Failed to gain any commitment for anti-lynching laws from congress
WEB Du Bois
Achievements
Wanted to tackle segregation
helped form NAACP (1909) to investigate racism by taking legal action
led to successful SC cases
NAACP
cooperated with white reformers
Smith V alright (1944) (P)
Brown V BOE (1954)
Spring field riots (1908) in illinois was trigger for NAACP
AA man accused of rape of whit woman - police refused to hand him to lynch mob = burned AA homes/businesses
William Donnegan lynched for 'crime' of 32 years marriage to white woman
Rapid membership 1915-20 = 90,000
decline to 50,000 by 1930 due to beuraucratic outlook and run by middle class AA's - not appealing to lower class
Talented tenth = movement for political change
Failures
Niagara movement 1905 failed which pushed for P CR
(1905) campaign to restore voting rights and abolish segregation
lacked money but did outline clear principles in belief of AA equality
Marcus Garvey
Achievements
Promoted black power (S)
encouraged AA enterprise (E)
popular with working class AA's
black eagle star line offered economic equality
Limitations
Actions to influence economic equality failed
ran into financial difficulties so was discredited (E)
had several talks with KKK = limited reliability
MLK
Successes
unified the 'Du Bois' and 'Washington' type AA's
set up SCLC 1957 - more confrontational
Birmingham 1963 - impetus to 1964 CR act and 1965 VR Act
non-violence protest e.g. Memphis sanitation workers strike (1968)
Limitations
After his death the CR movement became disintegrated, leaderless, divided and more violent
Focused only on P CR e.g. Chicago movement (1966) no focus on S/E
March on Washington accused of only focusing on 'freedom' not 'jobs' (-E)
Didn't appeal to poor NS AA's living in Ghettos
Alienated LBJ by criticising Vietnam = less social support
Didn't fully think through tactics when moving campaign N
Failed in Albany 1961 because Laurie Pritchett didn't react to protesters
No publicity
SNCC
Poor people's campaign 1968, however failed due to lack of MLK and bad whether
Chicago campaign highlighted housing problem, however didn't solve it (S)
March on Selma to Montgomery (1965) pressured congress to pass VR Act 1965 (P)
Birmingham (1963)
mass media to S CR
March on Washington (1963) led to 1964 CR act
= Social CR
#
#
Montgomery bus boycott (1955) (S)
which led to SC outlawing of segregation on busses - Browder V Gayle (1956)
Rosa Parkes
MX
Achievements
Encouraged BP and direct action (E/S)
BP movement emerged after death (LT influence)
Drew attention to poor Ghetto contitions
popular with working class N AA's
June 1963 - led the unity Rally in Harlem - one of the nations largest CR events
focused on unifying all AA's
Challenged mainstream CR so
gathered support for CR directly and indirectly
- those who didn't like his views went to MLK
Black power was essential in the psych transformation of AA's
= pride
Limitations
Criticised NAACP for being weak
BP can said to have divided the movement
Black supremacy - rejected whites = no funding/support
no integration until mecca
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Achievements
Wanted to improve E CR
Members of NAACP joined his BP party
BP's 10 point programme (1967) included full employment (E), housing, education and fairer juries (S)
Also patrolled the streets to help reduce incidences of police misconduct to AA's
Mainstream CR successful at winning concessions from fed in 1960's because of parallel activities of black nationalist groups such as the NOI
Failures
poor publicity - affected CR movement
10 point programme had limited impact
BP's had unrealistic aims, poor definition, were sexist, and had a lack of finance and govt support and led to the collapse of SNCC and CORE
By 1970 - only 3 active chapters of SNCC
dissolved by 1973
Fragmented and divided CR movement
no whites = no funding
Federal government recognised the BP as the "greatest threat to the internal security" of America
impression to whites that CR = criminal
Jesse Jackson
Successes
founded 'PUSH' to help AA employment (E)
campaigned for the democratic party 1984/88 under the Rainbow coalition which highlighted the importance of the AA vote and helped unite AA's (P)
1965 - Operation bread basket = boycotting white businesses
Chicago campaign
Failures
Nothing new - already many AA's in places of authority
A Philip Randolph
Successes
Pressured govt to
end discrimination in the war production industries 1941
by threatening March on Washington
Led to fair employment act = AA's in iron and steel increased by 25% = ECONOMIC CR
President of BSCP's - 1st successful TU
After WW2 led campaign in favour of racial equality in military
resulted in Truman issuing executive order 9981 in July 1948 banning seg in armed forces
involved in March on washington for Jobs and Freedom
Final years worked with Rustin in AFL-CIO and funded P Randolph institute 1979 = organisation for TU's
Economic CR
Thomas T Fortune
Successes
Editor for universal negro improvement association and african communities league 1923
His paper became the nations most influential AA paper and was used to protest dis, lynching, mob violence and disenfranchisement (S/P)
NY Age 1883-1907
1890 - co-founded Afro-American league
#
Limitations
AA league collapsed in 1893 through lack of funds