Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Reproductive system (Hormones (Estrogen.progesterone (Secreted by the…

- - - - Follicular cells develop into the corpus luteum
        
        Why it is called luteinizing hormone
  - - - If the egg is not fertilized, C.luteum will regress
        
        Both hormones will level off
- - - - Begins with primitive streak
      - Primitive node (cephalic)
    - - Ectoderm
        
        Pituitary gland
        
        Epidermis of skin/ derivatives
        
        Nails
        
        Hair
        
        Mammary glands
        
        Sweat glands
        
        Sense organs
        
        Nervous system
      - Mesoderm
        
        Dermis of skin
        
        Muscle tissue
        
        Connective tissue
        
        Heart
        
        Kidneys and ureters
        
        Spleen
        
        Reproductive organs
      - Endoderm
        
        Thymus
        
        Liver
        
        Pancreas
        
        Gallbladder
        
        Epithelial lining of: respiratory, GI, urinary, reproductive tract
  - - - Not fully functioning
      - Digestive, cardiac, and lungs fully function after birth if to term
- - - - Primitive follicle
      - Primary oocyte
      - Formed before birth
      - Arrested in prophase I until puberty
      - Single flat follicle layer
    - - Primary oocyte
      - Starts at puberty
      - Formed from maturing primordial
    - - Primary oocyte
        
        Surrounded by two protective structures
        
        Zona pellucida
        
        Corona radiata
      - Multiple layers of granulosa cells
      - Surrounds oocyte
      - Small, fluid-filled antrum
    - - Secondary oocyte
      - Many layers of granulosa cells
      - Surround oocyte and very large antrum
    - - No oocyte
      - Yellow, collapsed fold of granulosa cells
    - - No oocyte
      - White connective tissue scar
      - Degenerated corpus luteum
- - - - Homologous mom and dad replicated chromosomes pair up
      - Crossing over occurs
      - Ensures genetic diversity
      - Nucleus disintegrated
    - - Replicated chromosomes line up
      - Form double line of chromosomes
      - Spindle fibers attach to centromere
    - - Replicated chromosomes are seperated
      - Pulled to opposite poles
      - Called reduction division
      - Sister chromatid remain attached in each replicated chromosome
    - - Nuclear division finished and nuclear envelope reforms
      - Cleavage furrow: Cytoplasm divides
      - Each contains 23 chromosomes
      - Cytokinesis also takes place
  - - - Nuclear envelope breaks down
      - No crossing over
      - Replicated chromosomes cluster
    - - Single line formed along equator
      - Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of each chromosome
    - - Sister chromatid seperated
      - Pulled to opposite poles
      - Now called single chromosome
    - - Cells separate into 4 haploid daughter cells
      - Nuclear envelope reforms
      - Each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes each
- - - - Corpus cavernosa
      - Corpora spongiosum
    - - Testis
        
        Seminiferious tubules
        
        Epididymis
        
        Vas deferens
  - - - Prostatic urethra
    - - Urethra
        
        Expels both urine and semen (Not at the time)
- - - - Begins before fetus is born
      - Oogonia: Primordial germ cells
        
        Diploid cells (23 pairs of chromosomes)
        
        Divides from mitosis to make primary oocytes
      - Paused at prophase I until puberty
      - Approx. 1.5 million follicles
    - - Ovaries are not active
      - No follicles develop
      - Atresia: some primordial follicles regress
      - By puberty 400K follicles remain
    - - At puberty, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)
        
        GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH/LH
        
        FSH/LH vary depending ovarian cycle
        
        Three ovarian cycles: Follicular phase, ovaulation, luteal phase
      - Phases
        
        Follicular phase
        
        Occurs during days 1-13 (of approx. 28 days)
        
        FSH/LH stimulate approx. 20 primordial follicles
        
        Follicular cells release inhibin
        
        Helps inhibit further FSH production
        
        Prevents excessive ovarian follicle development
        
        Allow current primary follicles to mature
        
        Few primary follicles mature into secondary follicles
        
        Those that don't mature undergo atresia
        
        One secondary follicle matures into a graafian follicle
        
        Fluid builds up in the antrum (graafian follicle) because of LH
        
        Build up on fluid forces the oocyte to one side
        
        Primary oocyte finishes meiosis I
        
        Polar body: Receives minimal amounts of cytoplasm
        
        Secondary oocyte that continues to develop into metaphase II
        
        Doesn't not become fertilized until it completes meiosis
        
        If not fertilized it breaks down and regresses in 24 hrs
        
        Ovulation
        
        Ovulation: Day 14 on a 28 day cycle
        
        Is the release of the secondary oocyte from graafian follicle
        
        One ovary ovulates each month (alternating)
        
        Ovulation induced when LH peaks
        
        As ovulation approaches the pressure in the antrum increases
        
        The edge of the follicle continues to expand
        
        Follicle becomes thin and ruptures
        
        Luteal phase
        
        15-28 days of the ovarian cycle
        
        Corpus luteum forms after the follicle ruptures
        
        Temporary endocrine gland
        
        Secretes estrogen/progesterone
        
        Stabilize and build up the uterine lining
        
        Prepare for possible implantation
        
        Luteum lasts approx. 10 to 12 days
    - - Defined as the moment woman stop their cycle for a year
      - But also are not pregnant, anorexic, etc.
      - Range of ages: 45-55
      - Reasons for menopause
        
        No more ovarian follicles
        
        Ovarian follicle maturation is halted
      - Effects
        
        Estrogen/progesterone no longer secreted
        
        Uterine lining doesn't grow
        
        No more period
- - - - Primordial male germ cell
      - Diploid
      - Surrounded by cytoplasm of sustenticular cell
      - Divided by mitosis into primary sperm cell
    - - Diploid cells (meiosis)
    - - Two cells made from primary spermatocytes- diploid (meiosis I)
      - Haploid (23 chromosomes)
      - Moving closer to the epididymis
    - - Formed when secondary spermatocytes (meiosis II)
      - Haploid
    - - Final stage
      - Becomes mature spermatozoa (sperm)
      - No more cytoplasm and nucleus elongates
      - Acrosome cap is made over nucleus
        
        Digestive enzymes help penetrate secondary oocyte
      - Flagella is created from microtubules (help "swim")
        
        Mitochondira = energy
- - - - Approx. days 1-5
      - GnRH stimulates the secretion of FSH/LH
      - Ovarian follicle developed
      - Estrogen produced
      - Endometrium is shed
    - - Approx. days 7- 14
      - Estrogen levels are heightened
        
        Estrogen and inhibin stop the production of FSH
        
        Estrogen promotes the secretion of LH
        
        Induces ovulation
      - Ovulation occurs around day 14
        
        FSH/LH is heightened
      - Functional (top) layer of endometrium is rebuilding
      - One follicle continues to mature (rest made are polar bodies)
    - - Approx. days 14-28
      - Most heightened levels of progesterone
        
        Corpus Luteum induces this
        
        Progesterone remain high is egg is fertilized
        
        Stimulates uterine lining growth
      - No fertilization will induce shedding of uterine lining
        
        "Period"
      - Estrogen tapers off