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Crime and Deviance (Functionalism (Durkheim (Evaluation of Durkheim…

- - - - Shared beliefs of what was right and wrong, existed over and above individual members in society.
    - - positive side, helped society change and remain dynamic.
      - Negative side, saw too much crime leading to social disruption.
    - - Was the 1st to suggest that some level of crime is normal in society.
      - Had sociological insight to see that crime was linked to values and these values could change.
      - However
        
        Newburn thinks Durkheim ignored how the powerful have influence on what is seen as criminal.
        
        Not everyone agrees with the laws and morals.
        
        Taylor, Walton and Young argued crime is not functional for society.
        
        It is instead the publicising of crime and public punishment that helps unite society.
        
        Exaggerated the extent to which there was a CC in society.
  - - - The collective conscience provides the framework for society, with boundaries, which distinguishes what is acceptable.
        
        The problem for any society is that these boundaries are unclear.
        
        Crime plays a role of clarification.
      - Durkheim discussed 3 elements of this positive aspect
        
        Changing Values - On occasion some groups deliberately defy laws they believe are wrong, this can lead to laws being changed to fit the new value consensus.
        
        Social Cohesion - Durkheim points out that when particularly horrific crimes have been committed, it can draw the community closer together in shared outrage.
        
        Reaffirming Boundaries - Every time a person breaks the law and is taken to court, the resulting media publicity reaffirms values.
  - - - Anomie occurs when there are periods of social change/stress, meaning the CC becomes unclear.
        
        During a revolution or rapid economic and social change, the old values and norms may be challenged without new ones being established.
        
        In this situation there is uncertainty over what behaviour should be seen as acceptable.
        
        People may be partially freed from social control.
      - Egoism occurs when the CC simply becomes too weak to restrain selfish desires of individuals.