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Chapter 51-53 (The main types of animal behavior (Instinct, instincts are…
Chapter 51-53
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Human population growth
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through it is not apparent at this scale, the rate of pop. growth has slowed in recent decades
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currently the pop. grows by more than 200,000 ppl each day
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this departure is the result of fundamental changes in pop. dynamics due to diseases including AIDS and to voluntary pop control
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the movement form high birth and death rates toward low birth and death rates which tends to accompany industrialization and improved living conditions is called...
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in Sweden, this transition took about 150 years from 1810-1960 when birth rates finally approached death rates.
in mexico, where the human pop. is still growing rapidly the transition is projected to take until at least 2050
demographic transition is associated with an increase in the quality of health care and sanitation as well as improved access to education
after 1950 death rates have declined in a more variable manner in china in 1970 the Chinese birh rate had an average of 5.9 children per woman by 2009 this went to 1.8 children
Major terrestrial biomes
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a climograph, a plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region
temperate forests are generally warmer and grasslands are typically drier than either kind of forest and deserts are drier
factors other than mean temperature and precipitation also play a role in determining where biomes exist
For example, some areas in north America with a particular combination of temperature and precipitation support a temperate broadleaf forest but other areas with similar values for these variables support coniferous forest
other abiotic characteristics such as the type of bedrock in an area may greatly affect mineral nutrient availability and soil structure which in turn affect the kind of vegetation that can grow
most terrestrial biomes are named for major physical or climatic features and for thier predominant vegetation
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temperate grasslands are usually more likely than temperate forests to be populated by large mammals and to have arbuscular mycorhizal fungi
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Trpical forest, desert,savanna,chaparral,temperate grassland,temperate broadleaf forest
in tropical rain forests rainfall is constant about 200-400 cm annually. plants, tropical forest are very layered an completion for light is instense. home to millions of species
Desserts occur in bands near 30 degrees north and south latitude. precipitiaion is low and higly variable generally less than 30 cm per year. temperature in hot deserts may exceed 50 C in cold deserts air temperature may fall below -30 C. plants include cacti or euuphorbs deeply rooted shrubs an dherbs. Animals, scorpians, ants, birds, rodents
chaparral= occurs in midlatuiutde coastal regions on several continents . precipitation is highly seasonal with rainy winters and dry summers. dominated by shrubs and small trees many kinds of grasses and herbs native mammals include deer goats
coniferous forest= extending in a broad band across north America and is the largest terrestrial biome on earth . annual precipitiation generally ranges from 30 to 70 cm and periodic droughts are common
Temperate broadleaf forest= found mainly at midlatuidues in the northern hemisphere with smaller areas in chile south Africa and new zeland. temperatuers near 35C are hot and humid
Tundra- covers expansive areas of the arctic amounting to 20% of earths land surface presipitation averages from 20 to 60 cm annually but may exceed 100 cm in alpine tundra. winters are cold with averages in some areas below -30 . most herbaceous mixture of mosses grasses and forbs along with some dwarf shrubs and trees and lichens.
Major aquatic biomes
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aquatic biomes are characterized primarily by their physical environment they also show far less latitudinal variation
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water evaporated from the oceans provides most of the plants rainfall and oceans temperatures have a major effect on global climate
marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria also supply a portion of the worlds oxygen and consume lots of co2
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photic zone- where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis and the lower aphotic zone- little light penetrates
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a major source of food for many benthic species is dead organic matter called detritus, which rains down form the productive surface waters of the photic zone
Lakes, wetlands, aquatic biomes, (steams and rives)estuaries, intertidal zones, coral reefs, marine benthic zone,
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