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Animal Behavior and Ecology (Chapter 52 Earth's climate and seasons…
Animal Behavior and Ecology
Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
Behavior
individually, an action carried out by muscles or glands under control of the nervous system in response to a stimuli; collectively, the sum of an animal's responses to external and internal stimuli.
Innate Behavior
animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control
exhibited by almost every individual in a population despite internal and external differences
a dog drooling in the presence of food
Fixed Action Pattern
denote an instinctive behavioral sequence that is relatively invariant within the species and almost inevitably runs to completion
nesting patterns of a Graylag Goose
Imprinting
the formation at a specific stage in life of a long lasting behavioral response to a specific individual or object
Duckling can imprint on their mom or who ever takes care of them
Associative Learning
the acquired ability to associate one environmental feature with another
Pavlov and his dog
Trial and Error
An attempt to accomplish something by trying various means until the correct one is found
trying different light switches to find one that turns on a particular section of lighting
Habituation
is a form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases its responses to a stimulus after repeated or prolonged presentations
a bear returning to the same area year after year because food is left out. Take the food away and a few years later the bear will not return
Observational Learning
an animal watching another animal or human do a task and then repeating the task
one octopus watching another octopus escaping a tank and then doing the exact same thing
Insight
uses reason, especially to form conclusions, inferences, or judgments, to solve a problem
wild chimps "fishing" for termites
Chapter 52
Earth's climate and seasons
Climate
the long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area
4 Physical factors of climate
Temperature
Precipitation
Sunlight
Wind
Regional Factors of Climate
Seasonality
the changing of the angle of the sun over the course of the year affects local enviromants
seasonal changes in wind patterns alter ocean currents, sometimes causing the up-welling of cold waters from the deep ocean layers
the belts of wet & dry air on either side of the equator moves slightly northwards & southwards as the sun angle changes
marks wet & dry seasons
Bodies of Water
influence along the coasts of continents by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass across the land
coastal regions are normally wetter than inland areas
Mountains
Wind
two major forces that create wind
intense solar radiations
Earth's rotation on it's axis
Direction
Trade winds
east to west
Westerlies
west to east
Microclimate
climate patterns on a very fine scale, such as the specific climate conditions underneath a log
casting shade, altering evaporation from soil, or changing wind patterns
Global Climate Change
Climate Change
a directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other aspects of the global climates that lasts for three or more decades
earth has warmed and average of 0.9 degree C since 1900 and is projected to warm 1-6 degrees C more by 2100
22 of 35 European butterfly species have shifted their ranges north by 30-240 km in recent decades
Biomes
major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes
because climate has a strong influence on the distribution of plant species it is a major factor in determining the locations of terrestrial biomes
Climograph
a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region
Aquatic Biomes
characterized by their physical and chemical environment
Photic Zone
the narrow top layer of ocean or lake where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur
Aphotic Zone
the part of an ocean or lake beneath the photic zone. where light does not penetrate suffenciently for photo synthesis
Pelagic Zone
the open water component of aquatic biomes
Abyssal Zone
part of the ocean's benthic zone between 2,000 and 6,000 meters deep
Benthic Zone
the bottom surface of fan aquatic environment
Benthos
the communities of organisms living in the benthic zone of an aquatic biome
Detruis
dead organic matter
Thermocline
a narrow stratum of abrupt temperature change in ocean and in many temperate zone lakes
Chapter 53 Population Ecology
the study of populations in relation to their environment including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size
Biotic/Abiotic affects
Population
a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
rely on the same resources, influenced by environmental factors, and likely to interact and breed with one another
Density
the number of individual of a population living in an unit of area or volume
Mark-recapture method
a sampling technique used to estimate the size of animal population
Immigration
moving into an area
emigration
moving out of an area
Dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Exponential Growth
growth of a population in ideal unlimited environment represented by a J-shaped curve when plotted over time
Logistical Growth
population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity
Carrying Capacity
the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized by
K
Human Population Growth
