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APHG Settlement- a collection of permanent buildings (Services- any…
APHG Settlement- a collection of permanent buildings
Services- any activity that fulfills a human want or need in exchange for payment
Public- service offered by gov. to provide safety and security to citizens and businesses, ex: courts, federal and state gov.
Consumer- meets needs of individual customer, retail largest (teaching here), health fastest growing
Gentrification-process of change in an urban area from low class rented to middle class owned, forces lower class out to worse places, ex: Charleston old homes
New Urbanism- smart growth, increase walkable areas, sustainability, friendlier to residents, possible gentrification
Business- helps support other services, FIRE (finance, real estate, insurance), professional growing fastest
In LDCs BUSINESS- cheap labor, can speak English, privacy, low taxes/regulations
Backoffice- customer help, speak English and have low wages, many menial office tasks, ex: customer help in India
Offshore Banking- money in a bank account in a foreign country, offers privacy, low taxes, many in dependencies/colonies
Economic Base- a settlement's collection of basic businesses, ex: NYC is Finance
Basic Industries- industries primarily selling services/products to people outside of the settlement, ex: mining
Nonbasic Industries- primarily sell services/products inside of the settlement, ex: walmart
Hamlet- 10-100 people, not many services, ex: Whispering Marsh/ a neighborhood
Village- 100-2,500 people, more services, ex: a subdivision, Dunes West
Town- 2,500-25,000 people, more services, ex: McClellanville
City- 25,000-150,000, more services, ex: Charleston
Metropolis- 150,000- millions of people, most services, ex: NYC
Megalopolis- several MSAs/ metropolises together, ex: I-95 Corridor, Tokaido
Nesting of Settlements- central place theory, fewer larger settlements than small, larger settlements provide consumer services that have larger ranges and thresholds, illustrated by overlapping hexagons of diff. sizes, also caused by competition
Rank Size Rule- nth largest city is 1/n as large as largest city, good distribution of wealth, ex: US, Indonesia, newer MDCs
Primate City Rule- most populous settlement in a country has more than double the population of the next most populous, not good wealth distribution, clustered services there, ex: Mexico, LDCs, old MDCs
Primate City- city with over half the population of next populous city,
Hierarchy of Goods- 1st order- multiple visits per week (grocery store), 2nd order- multiple visits per month (movie, hair salon), 3rd order- multiple visits per year (doctor, stadium) have highest range and threshold
Hierarchy of Services- world cities, command & control centers, specialized producer/service centers, dependencies
Suburb - A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.
Sprawl - The development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area
Muller and Hartshorn- edge city develops into a suburb, 5 stages, sprawl, independence, magnet, high rise/high tech, mature town center
Fragmented Government- governments are separated, creates communication problems, some create council of govs to solve (BCD council)
Consolidation- combining govs to county level to help communication and spread services, often eliminate city level, often in big cities, ex: Indianapolis
Federations- tiered governments, combo of fragmented and consolidated,, ex: Toronto until 1990s
Annexation- legal adding of land to a city, used to offer more services, now people want to govern themselves and not pay city taxes, ex: Daniel Island to Charleston in 1991
Smart Growth - Legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland, ex: Portland
Sustainable Development- development that uses resources so that they meet current needs but also future people's needs
Periphery Model - Chauncey Harris, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large SUBURBAN residential and service nodes tied together by a beltway or ring road
Edge City - The nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway, develops into a suburb, ex: Tyson's Corner
Central City - Urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self governing unit known as a municipality.
Density Gradient - The density change in an urban area, pattern of density changes from the CBD to periphery, now flattening b/c many people live in suburbs
Zoning Ordinance - A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community
Urbanization- the process of an area becoming more urban
Urban Area- a central city and its surrounding built up suburbs, ex: NYC
Urbanized Area- more than 50,000 people or a pop. density of 1000 ppl per square mile, ex: Mt. P
Urban Cluster- 25,000-50,000 ppl, ex: Des Moines Iowa
Urban vs Rural- Wirth Identified, urban larger (less known ppl), high density (job specialization), and more social heterogeneity
Public Transit- primarily for workers in and out of the CBD in US, small cities almost never use, most trips in US by car, not efficient in Amerisca
Rush Hour- 4 consecutive 15 minute periods with most traffic, congestion, pollution
Carbon Capture and Storage- capturing carbon and transporting it to underground storage so it won't enter atmosphere
Clustered Rural Settlement- houses and buildings close together, in US in New England b/c religion and community
Linear- along a river/road/ other feature, ex: St. Lawrence river in Quebec
Circular- buildings in a circular pattern, ex: Kraal in Sub-Saharan Africa
Dispersed Rural Settlement- Isolated farms and buildings, ex: Mid Atlantic and rest of America b/c heterogeneity and independent settlement
Enclosure Movement- in UK (England) during 1750s-1850s, consolidated small farms into large, spread out farms, increased dispersed rural settlements
Central Place Theory- explains distribution of consumer services based on settlements acting as center of market areas and larger settlements are less common than smaller ones; Christaller
Threshold- number of people needed to support a service, customers, changes with what marketing group and what type of service
Range- how far people are willing to travel for a service, MOST IMPORTANT, higher with higher order of goods
Gravity Model- where to locate service based on number of ppl and inversely related to distance ppl must travel
Market Area- area around the central city, where ppl come from to get services, hinterland, umland, determined by threshold and range
Central Place- market area for the exchange of services by ppl attracted from market area
Central Business District- area of city where large percent of services (mostly consumer and business), downtown
Urban Models- show internal structure of a city and where people and services are located, based on CHICAGO
Concentric Zone Model- 1923, EW Burgess, rings around CBD (wealthy live far away)
Outside US- Sub-Saharan African cities, have colonial CBD and original CBD
Sector Model- 1939, Homer Hoyt, sectors of cities
Outside US- Latin American Cities, have wealthy around a spine of services extending from cbd
Multiple Nuclei- multiple nodes in a city, 1945, Chauncey Harris and
Outside US- Southeast Asia, have ports though
Periphery Model - Chauncey Harris, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large SUBURBAN residential and service nodes tied together by a beltway or ring road
MSA- Metropolitan Statistical Area, urbanized area (more than 50,000 ppl), settlement, county, and counties with 50% commuters to settlement, functional region
Micropolitan SA- urban cluster of 10,000-50,000 people, county of settlement and tied counties, ex: Orangeburg
CBSA- core-based statistical areas any MSA or microSA
CSA- combined stat. area, any two or more CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns
Census Tract- an area's statistics that the Census publishes, usually in 5,000 people neighborhoods
Informal Settlements- squatter settlements, usually in LDCs, illegal residencies on land the settler doesn't own, or in buildings not up to code, ex: slums
Filtering- the gradual change in use of a house from single family to apartments and eventual abandonment
Redlining- banks draw lines around areas where they won't lend money to renovate/ buy housing, illegal, discriminates based on money
Culture of Poverty- unending cycle of economic and social issues with schools, jobs, crime, and homelessness
Public Housing- houses owned by government and rented to low income people, ex: Charleston
Underclass- group in society prevented from, participating in the the material benefits of a developed society b/c social & economic probs.
Food Desert- an urban area where it's difficult to buy fresh/affordable food, usually in low income areas