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Lipids (Characteristics :silhouette: (Insoluble in water (Hydrophobic End:…

- - - - Soybeans, cotton seed, canola
      - 18-25% lipid
    - - Corn, milo, wheat
      - 2-4% lipid
    - - *Usually of plant origin
      - *Unsaturated
        
        DOUBLE BONDS
      - *Liquid at room temperature
  - - - *Usually of animal origin
      - *Saturated
        
        SINGLE BONDS
      - *Solid at room temperature
- - - - b. Glycolipids
        
        Contain carbohydrate and nitrogen
        
        -No Phosphoric Acid :forbidden:
        
        Cerebrosides
        
        Component of myolin sheath and also the white matter of the brain.
      - a. Phospholipids
        
        Contain phosphoric acid and nitrogen
        
        Part of body: CELL MEMBRANE
        
        Lecithin(cell membrane) and sphingomyelin (component of the myelin sheath which lines nerve cells)
        
        A Lipid containing a Phosphate Group
        
        Phosphorylated alcohol heads
        
        Polar
      - c. Lipoproteins
        
        Lipids bound to proteins in blood and other tissue
        
        i. Chylomicrons
        
        formed inside small intestine mucosal cells (enterocytes
        
        Majority of fat carried/transported out of small intestine BECAUSE OF CHYLOMICRONS
        
        ii. VLDL
        
        Very Low Density Lipoproteins
        
        High levels of triglycerides
        
        Transport lipids from liver to extra hepatic tissues
        
        iii. HDL :check:
        
        High density lipoproteins
        
        High in protein, low in lipids
        
        Helps get rid of bad cholesterol by binding to it.
        
        iv. LDL :red_cross:
        
        Low density lipoproteins
        
        Low in protein, High in lipids
        
        Will not get rid of cholesterol even though it binds to it.
  - - - a. Sterols
        
        Ring Structures
        
        Most Abundant Sterol = Cholesterol
        
        Only found in Animal tissues
        
        Precursor for other sterol compounds
        
        7-dehydrocholesterol (Vitamin D), bile salts, steroid hormones
      - b. Fatty Acids
        
        Everything underneath; essential for lipid function
        
        Physical Properties
        
        i. Solubility
        
        An Increased Chain Length
        
        Will reduce Solubility
        
        More than 8 carbons
        
        Means it is insoluble in water
        
        ii. Melting Point
        
        AMOUNT OF CARBONS OR CARBON LENGTH
        
        An Increased chain length
        
        Increases Melting Point
        
        Less than 10 Carbons
        
        Liquid
        
        More than 10 Carbons
        
        Solid
        
        DOUBLE BONDS
        
        Overrides Chain Length or Amount of Carbons
        
        More Double Bonds = More Unsaturation (OILS)
        
        1 more item...
        
        iii. Degree of Saturation
        
        Number of double bonds
        
        An Increased unsaturation = More Double Bonds
        
        Reduces Melting Point
        
        2 more items...
        
        Overrides the effect chain length has on Melting Point
        
        iV. Oxidation
        
        (Loss of Electrons) or Combined chemical with oxygen
        
        Increased Oxidation
        
        Increased Unsaturation = More Double Bonds-OILS
        
        2 more items...
        
        Essential Fatty Acids
        
        Linolenic Acid
        
        Arachadonic Acid
        
        Linoleic Acid
        
        Why are Fatty Acids needed?
        
        Part of lipid/protein structure of cell membranes
        
        Makes Prostaglandins (Hormone-like compounds)
        
        Controls Blood pressure, smooth muscle contractions, and have a role in reproduction
        
        Deficiency
        
        Skin lesions
        
        Growth Failure
        
        Poor Feather Development
        
        Diarrhea in humans
        
        Requirement: How much is needed in the diet?
        
        1% of total kCal
  - - - True Fats
        
        Tryglycerides: 3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol [TG] or [TAG]
        
        Esters of Fatty acids with the alcohol glycerol :champagne:
      - Waxes
        
        Esters of Fatty acids with alcohol other than glycerol. :forbidden: :champagne:
        
        Simple and relatively non-polar