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Unit 10 (Chapter 52 (Anything Goes: Schoenberg and Musical Expressionism…

- - - - highly influential in expressionism
      - believed in freeing dissonance from having to resolve to consonance
      - atonality
      - song cycle, Pierrot lunaire
      - developed sprechstimme and klangfarbenmelodie
      - born in Vienna
      - exploited the twelve-tone method
    - - style of visual art and literature in Germany and Austria in the early twentieth century. The term is sometimes also applied to music, especially composers of the Second Viennese School
      - came from painting
      - hyper-expressive harmonies
      - wide leaps in the melody
    - - total abandonment of tonality (which is centered in a key). Atonal music moves from one level of dissonance to another, without areas of relaxation
    - - vocal style in which the melody is spoken at approximate pitches rather than sung on exact pitches
    - - tone-color melody
    - - the element of tension
    - - the element of rest
    - - composition form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first; each section is usually repeated
  - - - Part II
        
        He becomes ridden with guilt and wants to make atonement
      - Part III
        
        He climbs from the depths of depression to a more playful mood, with fleeting thoughts of guilt, then he becomes sober
      - Part I
        
        Pierrot is obsessed with the moon, his loves and fantasies are exposed
      - .
        
        Melody
        
        disjunct line, sprechstimme
        
        Rhythm / Meter
        
        very fast, sounds free-flowing
        
        Harmony
        
        harshly dissonant
        
        Texture
        
        complex counterpoint
        
        canonic treatment
        
        Form
        
        rondeau text
        
        poetic / musical refrain
        
        Timber
        
        pointillistic
        
        flickering instrumental effects
        
        Performing Forces
        
        voice with five instruments
        
        piccolo, clarinet, violin, cello, piano
        
        Text
        
        21 poems from Albert Giraud’s Pierrot lunaire
        
        all in rondeau form
- - - - innovative and highly virtuosic effects that challenge performers to new technical levels
    - - composer born in LA
      - used a specially modified "prepared" piano to simulate the sound of the Javanese gamelan
      - Henry Cowell helped shape Cage
      - chance or aleatoric music
    - - ensemble of metallic percussion instruments played in Indonesia
    - - composer
      - set texts by the Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca
    - - highly dissonant combination of pitches sounded simultaneously
    - - musical interval smaller than a semitone (half step), prevalent in some non-Western musics and some twentieth-century music
    - - studied non-Western music
      - combined Asian instruments with traditional Western ensembles
      - experimented with foreign scales
      - plucking of the piano strings directly with the fingers
    - - developed a scale of 43 microtones
      - adapted Indian and African instruments to fit his tuning
      - cloud-chamber bowls, cone gongs, gourd trees
        
        make melody and timber rather than harmony
  - - - 16 sonatas, four groups of 4, each group separated by an interlude
      - Melody
        
        irregular phrases
        
        small-range
        
        undulating chromatic line
        
        second section is more disjunct
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        opening with regular movement
        
        changing rhythmic flow, seemingly without a clear meter
      - Harmony
        
        minimal sense of harmony
        
        dissonant ending
      - Texture
        
        linear movemement
      - Form
        
        binary structure
        
        A-A-B-B
      - Expression
        
        evokes ethereal
        
        otherworldly sounds
      - Timber
        
        piano produces percussive effects
        
        both pitched and nonpitched
        
        varied tone quality and pitches
- - - - gained prestige throughout 1950s because of its "scientific nature"
    - - compositional style in which a composer selects a simple musical idea and repeats it over and over, as it’s gradually changed or elaborated upon
    - - contemporary musical style featuring the repetition of short melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns with little variation
      - ex. Electric Counterpoint
    - - play several copies of that loop simultaneously, slowly changing the tape speeds in order to combine the loops in various ways
    - - born in NYC
      - influenced by Balinese gamelan ensembles
      - studied Ewe drumming in 1971
    - - simultaneous use of several rhythmic patters or meters
  - - - chamber work for guitar and tape
      - Melody
        
        short melodic ideas repeated as an ostinato
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        3/2 meter
        
        12 "pulse units" also presented as 6/4 and 12/8
        
        regular rhythms with varying patterns and accents in syncopation
      - Harmony
        
        diatonic
        
        mostly static with some subtle shifts
        
        predominant chords are C major, B minor, E minor
      - Texture
        
        highly polyphonic, with canons
      - Form
        
        through-composed
      - Expression
        
        almost trance-like effect from the gradual addition and combination of regular patterns and accents in syncopation
      - Performing Forces
        
        live guitarist playing with 12 prerecorded tracks (2 bass guitars and 10 guitars)