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D1 (Cholera (A disease caused by the infection of the gut from a bacterium…
D1
Cholera
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This bacterium releases a toxin that binds to a receptor on intestinal cells and this toxin is brought in to the cells by endocytosis
Onc einside the cell, the toxin triggers release of Cl- and HCO3- from the cell to the intestine, which causes water to follow by osmosis
This may lead to diarrhea, dehydration and death
Energy in the Diet
Starvation is the prolonged use of food. Once glycogen and fat reserves are used up, body tissues have to be broken down and used in respiration
Anorexia: A condition in which an individual does not eat enough food to sustain the body even though it is available. As with starvation, body tissues are broken down and anorexia can even cause heart muscles to break down
Obesity is the excessive storage of fat in adipose tissue due to prolonged intake of more energy in the diet than is used in cell respiration. Obese people are more like to suffer from health issues like hypertension and Type II diabetes. This may occur due to less secretion of the hormone leptin in the hypothalamus.
Vitamin D Deficiency
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Vitamin D is found in oily fish, eggs, milk, butter and cheese.
Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin, but only in UV light.
UV is too low in winter in high latitudes for much vitamin D to be synthesized, but the liver can store enough during the summer to avoid deficiency in the winter
Vitamin C Deficiency
Vitamin C is needed for the synthesis of collagen fibres in many body tissues including skin and blood vessel walls
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Deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy, a disease in which blood cannot clot and wounds do not heal
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Phenylketonuria
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid but tyrosine is not essential because it can be synthesized from phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is broken down to tyrosine with the help of an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase
In PKU, the level of phenylalanine in the blood become too high because of the insufficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
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Symptoms: Brain and head shrinking is reduced, causing mental retardation.
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