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learning unit 6 : Motivation & emotion (stress & type-A…
learning unit 6 : Motivation & emotion
Motivation
dynamic of behavior
way of actions are directed, sustained
Motivation
produce positive consequences
avoid negative consequences
Relation to
physiological goals
external goal and is voluntary & full awareness
motivation theories
motivation as Instinct (James,1890)
impulses direct from our behavior
no thinking process involved
Drive theories (Hull,1943)
leads to achieve something pleasant
reduction unpleasant state
primary drives = hunger, thirst, sexual utges
secondary drives = achievement, companionship
Arousal Theories (Hebb, 1955; Berlyne, 1967)
optimal level for arousal for equilibirum
refets to activation of the body and nervous system
Arousal is ZERO at death, low during sleep, moderate during daily activities, high at time excitement, emotion/panic
Incentive Theories (Atkinson,1958,1983)
behavior are motivated by reinforcing factors = incentives
intrinsic = enjoy the activity, learn
extrinsic = pay, reward, grades
needs theories
Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1970)
basic need before highr needs
Hunger,Thirst & Sex
derived form The Drive Theory
provides good model on how internal biological and external factor direct behavior
hunger start/stop at brain cz brain receive many signals from many parts of digestive system
part of Brain control hunger is hypothalamus = a small area that regulates many motives. it sensitive to levels of sugar in blood
lateral hypothalamus = feeling system that initiates eating
ventromedial gypotalamus = part of the 'stop mechanism' for eating
if ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed, may led to obesity
sex
is not necessary for individual survival
necessary for course, for group survival
sexual motivation
biological
hypothalamus (Neurachemicals, hormones)
cognition
audio.visual stimulations
body scents
stimulation (partner's touch)
social
peer pressure
societal pressure
cultural
start a family
avoid sex before marriage
sexual motivation&orientation
sexual orientation
= heterosexual
= homosexual
= bisexual
emotions
tendency to produce/avoid consequences
relations to physiological goals, external goals and psychological goals through mostly involuntary and no full awareness
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
bodily arousal to emotional feelings
do not experience an emotion until after reacting
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
disagreed with James-Lange's Theory
emotional feeling and bodily Arousal occur at same time
Lazarus's Cognitive-Mediation Theory of Emotion
initial cognitive determine the type of emotion
pre-assumptions
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
concern with physical response
emotion as product of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of events
stress
physiological and mental adjustment to changes
Selye(1976) General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS)
= phase 1 = react with mobilize resources
= phase 2 = cope with stressor
= phase 3 = reserves depleted
sources of stress
stressor
conditions that challenges a person to adapt
pressure
urgency
time element
appraising stressors and coping
Lazarus (1991)
two important steps in managing stress
= primary appraisal
decide if a situation is relevant, positive
= secondary appraisal
what actions to take?
defense mechanisms in coping stress
denial
refusal to accept reality
repression
blocking out threatening thoughts from past
reaction fromation
acting opposite behaviors
regression
revert past behaviors to eliminate stress
projection
projecting negative attributes on others
rationalization
-giving false reasons
compensation
counteract weakness by emphasizing positive traits
sublimation
working off unment desires through socially acceptable activities
stress & type-A personality
hard driving
ambitious
highly competitive
achievement oriented
more prone to get heart attack
characteristics of Type-A personality
habit of explosively accentuting
finishes other's people sentences
always move, talk, eat
prefer summaries
easily angered by slow moving traffic
feel impatient wth pace og life
unaware of surroundings
tend to quantify your worth
teeth grinding, drumming yr fingers
think other things when talking to someone
take more responsibilities than you can comfortably handle
mitigating factors for Type-A personality
hardy people have sense of personal commitment, felt to have control over their lives or works, see life as series of challenges
commitment
finds ways to turn activities into something interesting
strong control
believe they can influence other people
perceiving challenges
see problems as opportunities for personal growth