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Nicholas II (Political (Dumas (2nd Duma 1907, 3rd Duma 1912, 1st Duma-…

- - - - long term
        
        Radical Socialists, such as the SD's, or the SR's. Union of Liberation- calling for a constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly. nicholas refused. Gapon- Assembly of the St Petersburg Factory Workers, also economic reasons, such as bad harvests 1897-1901. Increased pressure 'from below'. Also, unrest amongst the peasantry, such as attacks on landlord's property increased from 1890. Increased peasant literacy meant that revolutionary propaganda had more of an impact, 1903-1904 were the 'years of the red cockerel', due to the arsonists flame. The Tsar relied upon the officials to deal with unrest, but the Zemstva and Dumas sided more with the peasants, which whom they worked.
      - Short term
        
        1904 state of disarray. In addition, in the Putilov Metal Works factory in St Petersburg, workers took to the streets, protesting pay and conditions. This soon spread to other factories, resulting in 111,000 joining in.
    - - Father Gapon decided to defy the ban on demonstrations, and organised a demonstration outside the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar. He ensured that the demonstrations would be peaceful, and the crowds bored icons of the tsar and tsarina and sang patriotic hymns. However, the Tsar ordered the group of police and cossacks to open fire on the crowd, resulting in 130 killed, but most likely more than this.
    - - Nicholas's reaction was indecisive, agreed to meet a delegation of workers 10 days later, but simply told them to be patient. The Royal Couple donated 5,000 roubles to the families of the dead, and Nicholas did not make a public appearance again for 8 years.
      - 2 years of unrest, including students, national minorities, workers, peasants and the military. Huge boost to radical opposition.
      - General strike in St Petersburg after bloody sunday, involving over 400,000 workers. By Autumn, 2.5 million workers had laid down their tools.
      - May 1905 formation of a workers union, Soviet, established in Ivanov, then in St Petersburg, led by Trotsky, which assumed control over the other Soviets.
      - All Russian Union of Peasants. First peasant political party, called for redistribution of land, and also a constituent assembly, took orders from the Soviets.
        
        Student unrest- union of unions
  - - - In 1903, the Social Democrats split into the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, as Lenin wanted a smaller, but more discliplined party, whereas Martov wanted a broad appeal.
    - - Social Revolutionaries were established in 1901, and greatly appealed to the peasants. They were not Marxist, and favoured a de-centralised workers cooperatives. They were an umbrella group for the left and gathered much support, calling for the collapse of tsardom altogether. They were feared more than the SD's, as Chernov's renewed terror movement in Berlin meant 2 ministers of internal affairs were executed.
    - - Some historians believe that tsardom would have inevitably failed due to the growth of opposition, whereas more revisionist historians argue that the collapse of tsardom was not inevitable.