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cell differentiation and specialisation and stem cells (embryonic cells…
cell differentiation and specialisation and stem cells
cells differentiate to become specialised
2)most differentiations occur as a organism develops in animals the ability to differentiate is lost in a early stage however plants don't ever loose this ability
3)the cells that differentiates in MATURE ANIMALS are mainly used for respiration(breathing) and replacing sells like skin or blood cells
1)as cells change they develop different subcellular structures and turn into different cells allowing them to carry out specific functions
4)some cells are undifferentiated cells called stem cells
DIFFERENTIATION is the process by which a cell changes th become specialised for its job
examples of specialised cells
muscle cells
the function of a muscle cell is to contract quickely
cells are long and contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contration
root hair
root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots which grows into long hairs that stick out into the soil
gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and minerals ions from the soil
nerve cells
function of nerve cells is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to other
these cells are long and have branches connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
phloem and XYLEM
PHLOEM and XYLEM CELLS from phloem and xylem TUBES which transports substances such as food and water around plants
to form the tubes the cells are long and joined te end to end
XYLEM cells are hollow in the centre and PHLOEM cells have very few subcellular structures so that stuff can flow through them
sperm cells
has a long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
the function of a sperm is basically to get male dna to the female dna
also carries enzymes in its head to digest the egg cell membrane
embryonic cells can turn into any cell
adults also have stem cells only found in certain places like bone marrow
unlike embryonic stem cells adult stem cells cant turn into anything only certain ones like blood cells
stem cells are found in human embryos they can turn into nay cell any cell found in a human being come from a embryo cell
stem cells from embryos and bone marrow can be grown in a lab to produce clone and made differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or reaserch
UNDIFFERENTIATED cells called stem cells can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells they can differentiate into different types of cells depending on what instructions they're given
DIFFERENTION is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
stem cells curing diseases
embryonic stem cells could be used to replace faulty cell in sick people making insulin for people with diabetes nerve cells for paralysed people
type od cloning called therapeutic cloning and embryo could have the same genetic information as a patient same genetic which wouldn't be rejected by the patient
medicine already uses adult stem cells to cure diseases eg stem cells transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy person can replace faulty blood cells in a patient who gets them
however there are risks involved in using stem cells in medicine for example stem cell grown in the lab may become contained with a virus could be passed on to the patient and so make them sicker
some are against stem cell reaserch
a fair point is that embryos used are normally unwanted ones from fertility clinics
campaigners feel that scientists should concentrate more on finding and developing other sources of stem cells so people could be helping without having to use embryos
some think that curing people who exists are more important than curing those who don't
in some countrys stem cell reaserch is banned
some are against as human embryos shouldn't be used for experimenting since each one is a potential human life
stem cells can produce identical parts
used to grow crops of identical plants that have desired features for farmers for example disease resistance
used to grow more plants of rare species
these stem cells can be used to produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply
throughout the plants entire life cells in the meristem tissue can differentiate into any type of plant cell
in a plant stem cells are found in the meristem(where growth occur)