sentence coordination

sentence coordination

SIMPLE

COMPLEX (subordination)

MULTIPLE

3+ sentences

COMPOUND

Semantic typology

copulative (and;O ➕ O) First drop a coin and then press the button. (💥 not only - but also, and even, and so, neither - nor, but - and)

adversative (but O ❌ O) the scheme has several drawbacks but nevertheless it will serve its purpose (💥 but neverheless, but on the contrary, however, not - but)

disjunctive (or; O ➡ O) it is a joke or are you serious? (💥 or else, neither - or, otherwise, either - or)

causative (for; O 🔽 O) everybody passed the exam, for it was easy (💥 for)

Semantic shades in meaning

coordinated by

correlatives

coordinators (and)

conjuncts (however)

AND

BUT

LINKING COMPOUND S., determinator + coordinator

either-or (exclusive)

both-and (additive)

neither-nor (counterpart both - and)

CONJOIN 2 EQUALLY STANDING ELEMENTS (not just main sentences): main, subordinate, NPs, VPs, Ns...

relatives The people / who attended dinner / but who aren't members/only...

VPs He / made a mistake / or changed his mind.

NPs We met / my manager / and his wife / at the airport.

single nouns She introduced me to her / mother and father.

sequence I washed the dishes and (then) dried them

corrective they're enjoying themsellves or (rather) they appear to be enjoying themselves

positive content following a negative she didn't waste her time, but (on the contrary) she studied hard

consequence/result he heard the explosion and he (therefore) called the police

contrast Peter is secretove and (in contrast) David is open.

concessive she tried and (yet) she failed

condition give me some money and (then) I'll do the shopping

similarity a trade agreement should be no problem, and (similarly) a cultural exchange could be easily arranged

addition he has a long hair and (also) he often wears...

comment they disliked him and that is not surprising in view of his behavior

explanation there's only 1 thing to do - and that is to apologize

inclusive you can boil an egg, (or) you can make some, or...

exclusive you can sleep on the couch or you can go home

negative conditional meaning switch the TV on or we'll miss the news

unexpected contrastive content He's poor, but he's happy

coordinates

joint coordination (Pat and Kime are a good pair.) x distributove coordination (Pat and Kim are good players)

bare (without coordinators) I washed the dishes and I dried them

expanded (with coordinaiton) I washed the dishes and then dried them

marking

marked (by coordinators / correlatives)

unmarked (only commas)