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Afghanistan (Prior to Afghan War (Sayyid Qutb and Muslim Brotherhood (1906…
Afghanistan
Prior to Afghan War
Women enjoyed many equal rights with men such as not having to cover their bodies, working in hospitals and studying in universities.
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Most progressive Muslim country during this time, possibly just behind Turkey.
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Soviet archives show that they had little knowledge of the 1978 coup even though the main leaders were trained in the USSR.
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The War
Revolutionaries (PDPA), supported by the USSR, begin a revolution to secularise the country.
The Mujahedeen, supported by the USA (Carter and then Raegan) were conservative and saw the following was a jihad.
The Mujahideen were seen as holy warriors by Muslims from around the world. They felt that the Soviets were suppressing their religious freedom.
Pakistan also supported the Mujahideen as they did not want socialists in their backyard as they were worried about it spreading to their own country
Through their actions, both superpowers were unwillingly helping to construct a new form of militant Islamism.
Mujahideen received $10 billion worth of aid between 1980 and 1992, the majority came from the USA and Saudi Arabia, but Pakistan also contributed.
Pakistan become a base for the Mujahideen with some 25,000 Arab volunteers being trained by Pakistan intelligence
Thatcher defended the Mujahideen claiming that the world of the free supported them for trying to fight for their right to religion. "The hearts of the free world are with you."
Ronald Reagan meets with the Taliban in 1985 and said "These gentlemen are the moral equivalents of America's founding fathers"
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The Cost of the War
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The country was much more productive before the war began than almost thirty years since the war ended.
Bowker: In the Muslim World, fundamentalism was pushed by Western foreign policy
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75% of US money went via the Pakistani secret services to the more fundamental Islamists groups with 50% of the total going to the most extreme Sunni fundamentalists faction led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
The Mujahideen would: throw acid on the faces of women who refused to wear the veil; kill teachers; burn schools.
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Soviet Invasion
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27 December: Amin (leader of revolutionists) was killed in a mission that went catastrophically wrong as he had refused to surrender to the Soviets. The whole world, even the left, saw this as strange.
After the invasion was over in 1989, Gorbachev argued that the PDPA should have some representation but the USA and the Muahideen rejected this
The Soviets considered the invasion a defensive action aimed at consolidating Moscow's position with its neighbours and ensuring a fascist style theocratic government wasn't on its doorstep
In 1989, the PDPA renounces Marxism after the Soviets withdraw. In August 1991, Afghanistan is declared an Islamic state
Post-Soviet withdrawal
Najeebulla remained in power for three more years after the Soviet withdrawal and when he had denounced Marxism and declared Afghanistan an Islamic State.
In 1991 Yeltsin and Bush sign an agreement to end all military aid to the warring factions. And by this point the USA doesn't care as the USSR isn't involved.