Key Power Theories
Grice's Maxims
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Robin Lakoff
Brown and Levinson
Deborah Cameron
Giles' Accommodation Theory
Sinclair and Coulthard
Norman Fairclough
Michael Foucault
Manner - be polite
Quality - be truthful
Relevance - keep to the point
Quantity - don't say too much or too little
Politeness principle
Don't impose
Give options
Make your receiver feel good
Face threatening act - when someone's positive face is threatened by a speaker.
Positive face - when you feel valued, liked and appreciated by someone's language.
Negative face - when you feel imposed on by someone's language. May be used when the speaker wishes to keep a social distance between the participants in the conversation.
Political correctness
Names such as 'fat controller' are considered incorrect, whereas 'vertically challenged' is seen as correct.
Divergence - using language to increase social distance between speakers.
Convergence - using language to make the social distance smaller.
Came up with IRF - initiation, response, feedback.
Power behind discourse
Power in discourse
Every use of language is a use of power.
Every piece of discourse is a negotiation of power.
Critical discourse analysis e.g. who talks the most, who asks the most questions, who sets the topic, who controls the topic, who gets to give feedback?
Synthetic personalisation
Wareing
Political power
Personal power
Social power
Linguistic relativism - language influences thoughts.
Linguistic determinism - language determines thoughts.