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Materials & Energy Cycles (Digestive System (Small Intestine (Absorbs…
Materials & Energy Cycles
Cells
Plant
Cell wall
Strengthens and supports cell
Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
Vacuole
Stores water and cell sap
Animal
Cell Membrane
Controls substances moving in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
Site of chemical reactions
Mitochondria
Releases energy through respiration
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Nucleus
Controls cell activities and contains DNA
Bacterial
Chromosomal DNA
Contains most genetic information
Flagellum
A whip-like tail to help it move along
Plasmid DNA
Carries extra information
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Word Equation
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide
Symbol Equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O
The slow release of more energy from glucose with oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Word Equation
Glucose → Lactic Acid
Symbol Equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₃H₆O₃
The quick release of less energy from glucose without oxygen
Lactic Acid
Builds up in muscle cells and causes cramps - chemical formula C₃H₆O₃
Oxygen Debt
The amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle Song
Diagram
Respiratory System
Structure
Trachea
The windpipe – leads from the nose and mouth to the two bronchi
Bronchi
2 tubes going from the trachea to the lungs
Lungs
Contain the gas exchange surfaces
Bronchiole
Smaller tubes inside the lungs leading from the bronchus to the alveoli
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, where gas exchange happens
Intercostal Muscles
Allow the ribcage to change in volume for ventilation to happen
Ribs
Provide a moveable cage to enclose and protect the lungs
Diaphragm
Works with the intercostal muscles to allow ventilation to happen
Ventilation
Breathing In
The external intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards
The diaphragm contracts, pulling downwards
Lung volume increases and the air pressure inside decreases
Air is pushed into the lungs
Breathing Out
The external intercostal muscles relax, pulling the ribcage downwards and inwards
The diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards
Lung volume decreases and the air pressure inside increases
Air is pushed out of the lungs
Alveoli Adaptations
Thin walls (one cell thick)
Creates a shorter diffusion path for gases
Cloud-like shape
Larger surface area for more space for diffusion
Moist Surface
Gases can dissolve before diffusing
Many Blood Capillaries
Helps maintains the concentration gradient (high - low) of oxygen from the alveoli to capillaries
Ensures good blood supply for constant gas exchange
Photosynthesis
PRACTICAL - Measuring Photosynthesis in a plant
Equipment
TEST TUBE - to hold water and pond weed
CLAMP STAND - to hold test tube
DESK LAMP - to shine the light :
STOPWATCH - to time 1 minute for bubble counting
POND WEED - testing plant
What did we do?
We counted the bubbles (the more, the higher the rate) that came off the plant in one minute and did 3 trials and calculated the average at each point
We measured the rate of photosynthesis by shining a lamp on a pond weed in water at different distances.
Independent Variable
Changing the distance between the lamp and from the plant (light intensity)
Control Variables
Same type and mass of the plant
Same temperature
Amount of carbon dioxide
Dependent Variable
Measuring the rate of photosynthesis (counting bubbles)
Facts
The process of green plants absorbing light energy (using chlorophyll in leaves) to react carbon dioxide and water to make glucose - their food
Word Equation
Water + Carbon Dioxide → Oxygen + Glucose
Symbol Equation
H₂O + CO₂ → O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
Factors -
increasing photosynthesis rate
Increasing the
light intensity
Increasing the amount of
carbon dioxide
Will decrease if not at
ideal temperature
(not too low/ too high)
Digestive System
Mouth
Breaks down food with teeth - contains amylase: starch into sugar
Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes for small intestine
Protease - proteins
Amylase - sugars (carbs)
Lipase - fats
Stomach
Churns food and contains hydrochloric acid to help digest proteins and kills harmful micro-organisms in food
Protease (works best in acidic 1.6 ph) breaks down proteins into amino acids
Oesophagus
Uses peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions) to move food to stomach
Large Intestine
Slowly absorbs excess water of leftover food
Liver
Produces bile to help digest lipids (fats & oils) into fatty acids and glycerol
Rectum & Anus
Undigested food stored in rectum until it is excreted as faeces through the anus
Small Intestine
Absorbs digested food molecules into the blood by diffusion
Thin walls: shorter diffusion path
Folded villi & microvilli: larger surface area
Heart & Blood
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Carries blood away from the heart at high pressure
Thick, muscular and elastic wall layers to stretch for large surges of blood
Veins
Carries blood towards the heart at low pressure
Thin walls and large internal lumen (space in vessel)
Valves to prevent blood back flow and contraction of nearby muscles
Capillaries
Connect arteries to veins and carry blood to and from cells
Heart Structure
Structure
Left Side
Thicker so it can pump blood to the body at high pressure
Right Side
Thinner so it can pump blood to the lungs at low pressure
Atria
2 upper chambers where blood enters the heart
Ventricles
2 lower chambers where blood leaves the heart
Components
Pulmonary Artery
Connects heart to the lungs - contains deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Vein
Connects lungs to the heart - contains oxygenated blood
Aorta
Muscular artery which takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body at high pressure
Vena Cava
Vein which returns deoygenated blood from the body to the heart at low pressure
Valves
Only allows blood to pass through them in one direction
Heart Strings
Attached to valves in heart to allow them to function
Electrical Signals
Heart will not beat correctly if there are problems with the electrical signals
Parts of the Blood
White Blood Cells
Engulf pathogens and fights off viruses and diseases
Red Blood Cells
Contains haemoglobin protein to carry oxygen around the body - biconcave shape gives larger surface area
Plasma
Straw-coloured liquid transports dissolved substances around the body
Platelets
Helps blood clotting when we get a cut
