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Paper 3 (Question 1 (1.) Identify the research method used and outline two…

- - - - Description- Very controlled: sample, time, place and circumstances. Standardised procedure. Participants are randomly assigned to each independent variable group.
        
        Advantages
        
        Allow cause and effect relationships to be established due high levels of control.
        
        Easy to replicate due to standardised procedure
        
        Limitations
        
        Low ecological validity due to high levels of control
        
        Experimenter effect or demand characteristics can cause bias
    - - Description- Takes place in real life environment but the researcher manipulates the IV. Low control of extraneous variables.
        
        Advantages
        
        Reduced chance of demand characteristics
        
        Higher ecological validity as it is a more natural setting for cognition
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Low control over extraneous variables
        
        Hard to replicate
    - - Description- Conducted in everyday environment but the research does not manipulate the independent variable
        
        Advantages
        
        very high ecological validity as behaviour is natural
        
        Unlikely chance of demand characteristics
        
        Can be used in areas where it would be unethical to manipulate the IV, e.g. researching stress
        
        Disadvantages
        
        More expensive and time consuming
        
        No control over extraneous variables which makes exact replication very difficult
    - - Description- In depth investigations of a person or group of people. Typically done over a duration of time using various other research methods like observation and interviews
        
        Advantages
        
        Detailed information
        
        Provides insight for further investigation
        
        Permits investigation of impractical or unethical situations
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Difficult to generalise the results to the wider population
        
        Researcher bias may occur as the researchers opinions may influence his report
        
        Difficult to replicate
        
        Time consuming
    - - Description- Structure or non-structure conversation between the researcher and a participant about the area of research
        
        Group
        
        Description- Where a dozen or so participants are interviewed together. The research must ensure interaction while controlling to direction of the interview
        
        Advantages
        
        Increased validity as this is a more natural research method
        
        The use of open questions allows participants to respond in depth and allows the research to get a better understanding of the participants viewpoint
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Difficult to maintain privacy of information
        
        Less reliable as questions and responses may deviate from the schedule
        
        Structured
        
        Description- Questions are asked in the set order. The researcher will not deviate from this set
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Not flexible to new mid-interview questions
        
        Responses to closed questions give little insight into causes of behaviour
        
        Advantages
        
        Fairly quick to conduct allowing for a larger sample
        
        Good reliability as they stick to fixed question which means it is easy to replicate
        
        Unstructured
        
        Description- Potentially no schedule used. Open ended questions are used
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Time consuming to construct and analyse
        
        Expensive and time consuming to train interviewers
        
        Advantages
        
        Open questions allow the research to answer in depth which gains better qualitative data
        
        Better validity as the researcher can ask for clarity, or probe deeper. The participant often leads the interview
        
        Able to deviate from the structure depending on the participants responses
  - - - Advantage- quick and convenient method
      - Disadvantage- may not provide a representative sample and may be subject to bias
    - - Advantages- The sample should be representative of the target population.
        -Eliminates sampling bias
      - Disadvantages- Difficult to set up, takes time, money and effort
    - - Advantages- Highly representative so the results should be easy to generalise
      - Disadvantages- Extremely time consuming and difficult
    - - Advantage- should produce a representative sample
      - Disadvantage- takes time, effort and money
- - - - Informed consent