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Modal Verbs (Ability (General (Present (Afirmative (Can (I can play the…

- - - - Afirmative
        
        Can
        
        I can play the piano
        
        She can speak English
        
        They can run a marathon
        
        He's amazing, he can speak five languages, including Chinese.
        
        John can play tennis really well. He's champion of his club.
      - Negative
        
        Can't
        
        She's seven year old, but she can't read yet. Her parents are getting her extra lessons.
        
        Unfortunately, I really can't sing at all. No-one in my family is musical either.
        
        Gill can't play the piano. She has never studied it.
    - - Simple Past
        
        Afirmative
        
        Could
        
        I could read when I was four
        
        She could speak French when she was a child, but now she forgotten it.
        
        My brother could speak French when he was young.
        
        James could speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he's forgotten most of it now.
        
        Julian could play excellent golf when he was only ten.
        
        Negative
        
        Couldn't
        
        He couldn't dance at all until he took lessons.
        
        My grandfather couldn't swim.
        
        I couldn't run 5 km
        
        I couldn't drive a car until I was 34. Then I moved to the countryside, so I had to learn...
        
        My grandmother couldn't use a computer until last month. Since then she's been taking lessons at the library.
        
        Question
        
        Could
        
        Could
        you swim when you were 10?
      - Participle Past
        
        Afirmative
        
        Could have + past participle
        
        She could have studied law, but she preferred to become a secretary.
        
        I could have played the piano well but I didn't practice enough.
        
        I could have spoken English well but I didn't practice enough.
    - - Afirmative
        
        Will be able
        
        At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.
      - Negative
        
        Won't be able
        
        He won't be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.
  - - - Negative
        
        Can't
        
        He can't drive, he's too tired
        
        We can't come now
        
        I can't lift this box - It's too heavy! Would you help me?
        
        Lucy can't make it to our meeting after all. She's stuck in traffic.
        
        I can't open this window! I think it's stuck.
    - - Simple Past
        
        Afirmative
        
        Was able to
        
        When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it. :check:
        
        When the computer crashed yesterday, I could fix it. :forbidden:
        
        She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much. :check:
        
        She could pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much. :forbidden:
        
        He was able to arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train, so he was very pleased.
        
        I searched for your house for ages. Luckily I was able to find it in the end.
        
        When the car broke down I was really pleased because I was able to solve the problem.
        
        Negative
        
        Couldn't
        
        He called us because he couldn't find the house
        
        I couldn't open the window.
        
        We couldn't get to the meeting on time yesterday, because the train was delayed by one hour.
        
        I looked everywhere for my glasses but I couldn't find them anywhere.
        
        I read the book three times, but I couldn't understand it.
        
        I couldn't understand the chapter we had to read for homework. It was so difficult.
      - Participle Past
        
        Afirmative
        
        Could have + past participle
        
        We could have come earlier
    - - Afirmative
        
        Can
        
        I can help you tomorrow
      - Negative
        
        Can't
        
        I can't come to the party
- - - - Must
      - Have to
    - - Mustn't
      - Don't have to
  - - - had to
    - - didn't have to
- - - - Must
      - Might
      - Could
      - May
      - Will
      - Should
    - - Might not
      - Couldn't
      - Can't
      - May not
      - Won't
      - Shouldn't
  - - - Must have + past participle
      - Might have + past participle
      - Could have + past participle
      - May have + past participle
      - Will have + past participle
      - Should have (Should've) + past participle
    - - Couldn't have + past participle
      - Might not have + past participle
      - May not have + past participle
      - Can't have + past participle
      - Won't have + past participle
- - - - Should have (Should've) + past participle
    - - Shouldn't have + past participle
  - - - Should
      - Would
      - had better
      - Ought to
        
        Tips
        
        🗣️ Pronunciation like Oughta (schwa sound)
    - - Shouldn't
      - Wouldn't
    - - Should
      - Would
      - had better 🚫
      - Ought to 🚫