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Ecology and Animal Behavior (Interspecific Interactions- a relationship…
Ecology and Animal Behavior
Ecology-
Is the study of interactions between groups of organisms and their environment
Biosphere-
The sum of all the planet’s
ecosystems and landscapes.
Biome-
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
Ecosystem-
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Community-
a group of things in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
Population-
the specified extent or degree to which an area is or has been populated.
Biotic Factors-
Living factors
Abiotic-
Non living factors
Climate-
long term, prevailing weather conditions in a given areas
Terrestrial Biome-
Show latitudinal patterns
Aquatic Biome-
Water ecosystems
Dispersal-
movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from areas of high population density.
Law of conservation of mass(enerfy)-
Mass(energy) can not be created nor destroyed
Trophic Level-
Energy levels in an ecosystem
Primary producers-
Autotrophs
that support all of the other levels
Consumers-
Heterotrophs
An organism that generally obtains food by feeding on other organisms or organic matter due to lack of the ability to manufacture own food from inorganic sources
Detritivores-
Decomposers
that live on
detritus
(nonliving organic matter from the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood).
GPP-
the amount of energy from light
converted to chemical energy of organic molecules per unit of time
NPP-
is the gross primary productivity minus the
energy used by the primary producers for their autotrophic respiration.
PP-
e amount of light energy
converted to chemic energy by autotrophs.
Limitig Nutrient-
the element that must be added for production to increase.
Nutrient Enrichment-
Sewage and fertalizers
Eutrophication-
A process by which nutrients(phosphorus and nitrogen)become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth or organisms such as algae and cynobacteria
Secondary Production-
The amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to biomass during a given period of time (growth).
Production Efficency-
the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is used for growth and reproduction, not respiration
Endotherms-
Typically have low production effeciences bc they have to maintain a constant high body temp.
Ecotherms-
Cold blooded
Tropic Efficency-
Is the % of production transferred from 1 trophic level to the next
10% rule-
90% of the energy is not transferred to the next trophic level
Ecological Pyramid-
The progressive loss of energy at each level limits the abundance of top level carnivores that can be supported by the environment.
Water Cycle-
water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.
Nitrogen Cycle-
the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.
Carbon Cycle-
series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.
Phosphorus Cycle-
The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
Interspecific Interactions-
a relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community
Competition-
• Individuals of the two different species compete for a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of each species.
Principle of Competitive Exclusion-
Populations of 2 similar species compete for the same limited resources and 1 population will use the resources more efficently, providing it a reproductive advantage, leading to the elimintaion of the other pop.
Predation-
interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.
Herbivory-
in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga, harming it.
Parasitism-
interaction in which one organism, the parasite, gets nourishment from another, the host, which is harmed in the process.
Mutalism-
Both species benefit, both species can survive on their own, and both organisms incur costs.
Commensalism-
in which one species benefits and the other neither harms nor helps the other.
Habitat-
Where an organism lives
Niche-
is the role an organism plays in a habitat
Resource partitioning-
the
differentiation of niches that allows similar species to coexist
Fundamental niche-
niche potentially
occupied by the species
Realized niche-
the portion of the
fundamental nice that it occupies (niche in practice)
Charcater Displacement-
The tendency for charcateristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of 2 species than in allopatric pop of the same 2 speices
Allopatric-
Geographically seperate species are morpholigically similar and use similar resources
Sympatric-
Geographically overlapping
Explotation-
One species benefits by feeding on the other species, which is harmed by the interaction.
Endoparasites-
live inside the host
Ectoparasites-
live outside the host
Species diversity-
the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community
Relative abundance-
the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community
Species richness-
is the same for both communities because they both contain 4 species of trees.
Food chains-
are not isolated units, but are linked together into food webs.
Food chain-
the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level.
Dominant species-
species that are most abundant or collectively have the highest biomass
Keysteone species
- Speices that exist that exert strong control on community structure not by numerical but as a result of an important ecological role or niche
Bottom-up model-
Mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant of phyloplankton number, which control herbivore numbers, which control predator numbers
Top-down model-
predation influences community organization by
controlling herbivore numbers, which control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which control nutrient numbers (trophic cascade effect)
Ecological Succession-
Transition that species composition of a community a disturbance, establishment of a community in an area virtually barren of life
Primary-
occurs where no organisms were originally present and soil has not yet formed
Secondary-
occurs where an existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil or substrate intact
Population Density-
The number of individuals per unit area or volume
Birth Rate-
The rate of births;
fertility, fecundity
Death Rate-
The rate of deaths;
mortality
Clumped-
individuals are aggregated into
patches
Uniform-
individuals are evenly spaced
Random-
individuals are unpredictably spaced
Demography-
the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time.
Life Table-
provides a summary of age specific survival and reproductive rates of individuals in a population
Type 1-
Flat at the start and then drops steeply
Type 2-
Constant death rate
Type 3-
drops at the start then flattens
Expo. Growth-
Growth of a pop in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a j shape curve
Carrying Capacity- limit to number of indiv. that can occupy a habitat
Life History-
the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of
reproduction and survival
K-selection-
density-dependent selection
R-selection-
density-independent selection
Populations tend to fluctuate in size from place to place or year to year-
Population dynamics
Behavioral ecology-
the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
Innate behaviors-
an animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control
Fixed Action Pattern-
A sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a specific stimulus
Instincts-
complex patterns of innate behavior in which an animal recognizes a stimulus and responds with a behavior that it carries out until all parts of it are finished.
Circadian rhythms-
(biological clock – including migration, hibernation, and
estrivation
Imprinting-
a long-lasting behavior formed at a specific stage in life in response to
an individual or object
Motivation-
usually a response to an innate need
Cognition-
the process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning,recollection, and judgement
Communication-
the transmission and reception of signals between animals
Signal-
A stimulus transmitted from one organism to another
Endangered Speices-
Specices that are in low numbers
Susbsantial Development-
Economic development that meets the peoples' needs w/o limiting the ability of future generations
Overharvesting-
Harvesting of wild organisms at rates exceeding the ability of their
populations to rebound.
Introduced Species-
Humans intentionally or accidentally from native location to a new area