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DS3: How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 1933–45? What was it…

- - - - including Waffen-SS (elite armoured regiments),
      - Death’s Head Units (concentration camps and Jews),
      - Office for the Strengthening of Germanhood (for racial policy),
      - Race and Resettlement Office and RHSA (Security Head Office).
  - - - so opponents of Nazism couldn’t receive fair trials.
- - - - gainst their killing of mentally ill and disabled people
      - forcing them to stop temporarily
- - - - This did not please Hitler
    - - This impressed Germans,
      - ut foreign visitors saw it as blatant propaganda,
      - bwere shocked by the overt presence of army and SS.
- - - - The SS went round terrorising people into obedience.
      - They could arrest people without trial and put them into concentration camps where people were tortured or indoctrinated.
    - - They had informers everywhere and encouraged people to inform on their neighbours and children to inform on their parents.
      - It meant for a long time there was little opposition.
    - - Some army officers were worried the war was going badly and planned to blow up Hitler.
      - It went wrong and they were all executed
    - - They were fed up with the Nazis controlling their lives and giving them no freedom.
      - Some were arrested and executed in public.
        
        The Navajos Gang and Edelweiss Pirates were generally regarded as delinquents
        
        and in 1944 took part in an attack in which a Gestapo officer was killed.
    - - They were executed in 1943 for anti-Nazi activities.
      - in Munich
      - led a student group called the White Rose Movement.
- - - - which could then control the school curriculum.
  - - - wife
      - mother
      - and housemaker
    - - There were activities on how to bring up a baby, how to cook and how to do needlework.
    - - This was to ensure good health for a future mother.
- - - - Leni Riefenstahl (film producer);
      - Gertrude Scholz-Klink (Head of the Nazi Women’s Bureau).
  - - - as the supply of unemployed men was drying up,
      - and many women had to go to work as well as look after their families.
  - - - this was emphasised through propaganda posters.
      - Their role was to produce children.
        
        The birth rate had fallen
        
        and women were encouraged to have large families.
        
        This was successful as the birth rate by 1939 had increased by 45%
    - - This was successful as unemployment almost disappeared by 1939.
      - nd to achieve this they encouraged women not to work.
    - - This was as a result of the war economy.
    - - to their role as second class citizens
        
        and some joined opposition parties like the Communists.
      - Others objected to giving up work,
        
        especially those in professions where years of training had taken place.
- - - - • Dr Hjalmar Schacht reorganised finances to fund a work creation programme.
      - • The National Labour Service employed men on public works (e.g. building autobahns, houses, railways).
      - • Hitler reintroduced conscription to the army 1935.
      - • Hitler’s re-armament policy led to an increase in the iron and steel industry.
      - • Coal mining increased. He recovered the Saar coalfield.
      - • The Luftwaffe was created and there was a rapid increase in submarines and naval ships.
      - • There were housing projects and grandiose new public building projects such as the Reich Chancellery in Berlin.
- - - - • Autarky was the policy of making Germany economically self-sufficient.
        
        Hitler wanted to stop Germany being dependent on imports.
        
        He wanted to import less food and raw materials.
        
        Hitler did not want to be dependent on imports if war began.
      - • Goering was given the task of making Germany self-sufficient within four years.
        
        There was an increase in internal production of key commodities such as iron, steel, coal and food.
      - • Controls were put on imports.
        
        Farmers were subsidised to produce more food and food imports were reduced.
      - • Scientists tried to make oil from coal.
        
        They worked to find substitutes for rubber, petrol, cotton and coffee.
        
        It was a partially successful policy.
- - - - Schacht organised Germany’s finances to fund a huge programme of job creation on public works projects.
        
        network of motorways was built,
        
        A the railways were extended
        
        and there were major house building programmes.
      - All this helped to reduce unemployment dramatically.
    - - praised the workers and associated them with Hitler.
    - - cheap theatre and cinema tickets,
      - trips and sports events;
      - ut-price cruises on luxury liners e.g. Wilhelm Gustloff; organised by the ‘Strength Through Joy office’ (KDF).
      - Part of the work of the KdF was the production of an affordable car,
        
        the KdF-Wagen, later known as the Volkswagen Beetle.
        
        The War interrupted the scheme and no ordinary worker received one.
    - - improved working conditions in factories, e.g. washing facilities and cheap canteens.
    - - • Their main political party (the SPD) was banned.
      - • Trade unions were banned, and strikes were not allowed.
      - • All workers were forced to join the General Labour Front (DAF), ,
        
        run by Dr Robert Ley
        
        which kept strict control of workers.
      - • People’s working week increased and yet wages were lower in 1935 than they had been in 1928. Also, all basic groceries, except fish, cost more in 1939 than in 1933.
- - - - run by Richard Darre
      - central boards to buy agricultural produce from farmers and distribute it to markets,
        
        giving peasants a guaranteed income.
    - - banks not allowed to seize farmers’ lands if they could not repay loans or mortgages
    - - • The Reich Food Estate held back efficient farmers.
      - • Banks were unwilling to lend farmers money because of the Reich Entailed Farm Law.
      - • Many farmers’ children left the countryside to find better paid work in industry,
        
        resulting in rural depopulation of about 3% per year in the 1930s.
- - - - and Hitler was frequently photographed with men and women who fitted this model.
    - - These included Jews, eastern Europeans and blacks.