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Science 2.0 :warning: (Biology :microscope: (Circulatory system (Functions…
Science 2.0 :warning:
Biology :microscope:
Circulatory system
Functions
→ Carries blood (containing oxygen & glucose) around the body
Pulmonary - Related to the lungs
Arteries - Carries blood away from the heart
Vein - Carries blood into the heart
Diseases
Heart disease - When muscle cell the heart dies
The cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack
Coronary heart disease is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries
Health
Healthy
S- factors: Stamina (How long your body can exercise for), suppleness (flexibility), strength, speed. Breathing rate: How much you inhale and exhale in one minute.
Kwashiorkor - Lack of protein
Obesity - Heavy for their size
Drugs
Stimulants: Drugs that increases the speed of your nerves carry messages
Cocaine, Ecstasy & Caffeine (faster reaction time)
Depressants: Drugs that slows down the nervous system
Alcohol, Heroin & Marijuana
Solvent abuse: Sniffing solvent used in things like glue
Respiratory system
Functions
→ Supplies Oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
Inhale (Vise-versa for Exhale)
Diaphragm contracts & move down
Rib muscles lift ribs up & outwards
Trachea → Bronchus → Bronchiole → Alveoli
O2 diffuses into blood, CO2 diffuses out of the blood
Ventilation - Movement of air into & out of the lungs
Diseases
Smoking
Nicotine ~ Make arteries narrower causing heart disease
Tar ~ Clogs up the lungs & stop cilia working
→ Lung cancer & Bronchitis
Carbon monoxide ~ Stop red blood cells from carrying enough oxygen
Muscle
Antagonistic pairs - When two muscles pull in opposite directions
Triceps muscle - Pulls lower arm down
Biceps muscle - Pulls lower arm up
Muscles are attached to the bone by the tendon
Chemistry :atom_symbol:
Reactions & Equations
Salts
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
Metal Oxide/Hydroxide + Acid → Salt + Water
Metal carbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Thermite
Displacement reaction using Aluminium to displace Iron from Iron Oxide
2Al + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + Al2O3
It’s so exothermic that enough heat is generated to melt the Iron
Water
Group 1/ Alkali metal reacts vigorously with water forming metal hydroxide
→ Lithium, Potassium, Sodium
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Reactivity Series
Displacement Reactions
When a metal is displaced by another metal
Mg + CuSO4 → Cu + MgSO4
Zn + Pb(NO3)2 → Pb + Zn(NO3)2
The list
The lighter the metal in the list, the more reactive it is
When it’s more reactive, it can replace another metal in a metallic compound
Strongest - Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium
Weakest - Gold, Silver, Mercury, Copper
Alloys
Alloys have more strength because the molecules are locked tightly together
Substitutional Alloy - When an atom is replaced by another atom that’s chemically different
Interstitial Alloy - The another element’s atom in insert in-between spaces
Environmental Sci :leaves:
Food chain
The higher up the pyramid, the less biomass/energy there are
Biomagnification happens as the food chain goes up
Predators/Consumers eat and producers produce the food for them
Nitrogen cycle
N2 in the air - fixation by :zap:
Nitrogen in plant protein - Absorbs from the soil where Ammonia & Nitrates are
Nitrates to Nitrogen by denitrifying bacteria
Carbon cycle
Greenhouse effect
Light from the Sun hits the Earth, some reflect back some gets absorb
Infrared radiation is given off from the Earth’s surface, some reflects back from the layer of CO2 some escapes
Acid rain
Carbon dioxide + water → Carbonic acid
Acidic gases dissolves in rain (From fossil fuels & sulfur)
Physics :fire:
Speed
Acceleration & Deceleration
When something accelerates, it’s moving faster which makes the forces unbalanced where the thrust is bigger than the upthrust
Decelerating is when less force is applied on the thrust compared to the friction
Velocity time
Change in velocity (m/s) / Time it took (s)
Measured in (m/s^2)
Diagonal up - Accelerating, Diagonal down - Decelerating
Horizontal - Constant speed
Below graph - Backwards
Curve - acceleration a bit, more and more as time goes on
Distance time
S=D/T
Distance (m), Time(s), Velocity(m/s)
Graph:
Flat line → V=0m/s, Gradient = Speed, Line goes down → Backwards
Forces
Terminal velocity
When a certain speed is reached for the object to go constant and the forces are balanced
Thrust decreases after a point whilst it’s moving and after acceleration
Upthrust big enough to support the weight
Reaction force
Force acting in an opposite direction to thrust & weight
Reaction force exists song objects can move backward, slows down and just move at a constant speed → Important
Different types
Thrust, Upthrust, Weight, Friction (Air/Water resistance)
Other stuff
Satellites
A thing that orbits a star or planet
2 types: Natural & Artificial
2 types of orbits: Geostationary(stays in on the location of the planet), Polar(Moving around)
Electromagnetic radiation
Travel in a vacuum at: 3X10^8 m/s
Frequency: Waves per second measured in Hertz
Wave speed = Wavelength * Frequency
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