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STUDY DESIGN (DESCRIPTIVE (a) Case Report (Disadvantages (cannot study…

- - - - detailed presentation of a single or handful of cases
    - - cannot study cause and effect relationship
      - cannot assess disease frequency
    - - to report a new or unique finding
    - - -Spinal manipulative treatment for 12 pregnant LBP patients.
        -Mixed sacral fracture before chiropractic adjustment.
    - - Present
  - - - useful for hypothesis generation
      - informative for very rare disease with few established risk factor
      - characterizes averages for disorder
    - - cannot study cause and effect relationship
      - cannot assess disease frequency
    - - to assess prevalent disease
    - - -A description of all patients with bone marrow depression and the frequency of potential risk factors for bone marrow depression
        -A description of only patients who had hemolytic uremic syndrome and neurologic symptoms.
    - - Present
  - - - cheap
      - simple to conduct
      - generate hypothesis to examine at the individual level
    - - lack of available data on confounding factors
      - potential for systematic differences between areas in the measurement of exposures
    - - to conduct a survey or cross-sectional study
- - - - cheaper
      - efficient for study rare disease
      - less time consuming
    - - disease status can influence selection of subject
      - exposure measurements taken after disease occurrence
      - inappropriate when disease outcome for a specific exposure is not known at the start of study
    - - to help determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome
    - - To determine the long-term effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people, cohorts of vaccinated elderly and unvaccinated community-dwelling elderly were studied. The results suggest that the elderly who are vaccinated have a reduced risk of hospitalization for pneumonia or influenza
    - - Retrospective
  - - - prospective
      - can establish risk directly
      - can assess multiple outcomes/diseases
    - - to define its meaning with exposures
    - - more expensive
      - time consuming
      - not good for rare disease
    - - To determine the long-term effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people, cohorts of vaccinated elderly and unvaccinated community-dwelling elderly were studied. The results suggest that the elderly who are vaccinated have a reduced risk of hospitalization for pneumonia or influenza
    - - Prospective/Retrospective
  - - - to study the conditions that are relatively frequent with long duration of expression
    - - intuitively clear
      - fast and inexpensive
      - can generate hypothesis
    - - weak observational design
      - unable to measure incidence
      - cannot determine causal relationship
    - - present