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ECOLOGY (primary producers- autotrophs that support all of the other…

- - - - limiting nutrient- the element that must be added for production to increase
      - nutrient enrichment- sewage and fertilizers
    - - production efficiency - the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is used for growth/ reproduction, not respiration
        
        endotherm- birds/mammals, typically have low production efficiencies b/c they need to maintain a constant high body temp
        
        ectotherm- fish, typically have around 10% production efficiency
        
        trophic efficiency- the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
        
        an average 10%-- 10% rule
- - - - predators, herbivory, absence of pollinators, parasites, pathogens
- - - - principle of competitive exclusion- populations of 2 similar species compete for same resource, while one species will use the resource more efficiently providing a reproductive advantage, and the other will be eliminated
      - niche- the role an organism plays in it's habitat (where it lives)
        
        realized niche- the portion of the fundamental niche that it occupies (niche in practice)
        
        fundamental niche- niche potentially occupies by the species
      - resource partitioning- the differentiation of niches that allows similar species to coexist
      - character displacement- the tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of 2 species than in allopatric populations of the same 2 species
        
        allopatric- geographically seperate
        
        sympatric- geographically overlapping
    - - predation- 1 species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
        
        prey- use behaviors like hiding/ fleeing/ forming heras, morphological/ physiological defensive adaptations
        
        cryptic coloration- camaflauge
        
        aposematic coloration- warning coloration
        
        batesian mimicyry- mimicking the coloration of a harmful species
        
        apex predator- alpha predator or top predator, is a predator at the top of a food chain, with no natural predators.
      - herbivory- an organism- the herbivore, eats parts of a plant or alga, harming it
      - parasitism- one organism, the parasite, gets nourishment from another, the host, which is harmed in the process
        
        endoparasite- live inside the host
        
        ectoparasite- live outside the host