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Animal Behavior and Ecology (Ch. 51: Types of Animal Behavior (Reasons for…
Animal Behavior and Ecology
Ch. 52: Ecology and the Biosphere
Aquatic Biomes-
characterized by physical and chemical environment.
Zonation:
layers of water
Pelagic Zone-
photic + aphotic
Abyssal Zone-
2k - 6k meters deep
Aphotic Zone-
little light penetrates
Benthic Zone-
bottom of all zones; sand + sediments + benthos
Photic Zone-
sufficient light for photosynthesis
Organism/Environment Interactions
Dispersal and Distribution
-
Dispersal- movement of individuals away from their areas of origin or high pop.
Natural Range Expansions and Radiation-
expansion occurs when a species has a large range of dispersal;
Radiation- rapid evolution of an ancestral species filling multiple niches
Species Transplants-
intentional transplants help to determine where species could live be do not currently
Biotic Factors-
other species; limits distribution of certain species where other, competing, species already live
Types of Aquatic Biomes
Oceanic Pelagic Zone-
vast realm of open blue water w/ large photic zone
Chemical-
O2 levels high; nutrient levels lower than coastal waters
Intertidal Zones
- periodically submerged and exposed by the tides
Chemical-
O2 and nutrient levels are high and renewed with each tide
Estuaries-
transition between river and sea
Chemical-
salinity varies from saltwater to freshwater depending on tides
Streams and Rivers-
water with speed and volume flow
Chemical-
salt and nutrient content increases from headwaters to mouth
Wetlands-
habitat that is inundated by water most or all of the time
Chemical-
water and soil are low in dissolved oxygen; high capacity for filtering
Lakes-
standing bodies of water
Chemical-
differs between Oligotrophic (nutrient-poor and oxygen-rich) and Eutrophic (nutrient-rich and oxygen-poor at deepest zones)
Coral Reefs-
made of reef building corals in the photic zone of stable, tropical environments
Chemical-
High O2 levels and exclude high inputs of freshwater
Marine Benthic Zone-
seafloor of surface waters; little sunlight except in shallow, near-coastal regions
Chemical-
sufficient enough O2 to support life
Abiotic Factors
- physical conditions
Water and O2-
affects marine and terrestrial organisms; affects O2 availability as well as gas exchange
Salinity-
salt concentration affects osmosis
Temperature-
effects biological process, thus types of organisms able to survive
Sunlight-
can be too little or too great, affecting photosynthesis and temperature stress
Rocks and Soil-
pH, mineral comp. and structure all limit distribution of plants and the animals that feed on them
Effects of Climate change on terrestrial biomes.
General Features of Terrestrial Biomes-
named after their primary vegetation
Ecotone- area of integration
Canopy- top to bottom layers of a forest
Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes-
many biomes depend on periodic disturbances to stay healthy
Disturbance- event that changes/alters a community
Ex: wildfires
Climate and Terrestrial Biomes-
climate has a strong influence on the distribution of plant species
Ecological Change and Evolution-
ecological change creates evolution by changing the needs and availability of animals and their habitats
Earth's Climate Change
Microclimate-
localized patterns in climate change; ex: flowerbed in front yard, shady area under trees etc.
Regional and Local effects on climate
Seasonality-
caused by Earth's tilt, lead to annual climate changes
Mountains-
influence air flow over land and lead to "rain shadows"
Bodies of Water-
ocean current affect climate change by heating and cooling overlying air masses which pass over the land
Global Climate Patterns-
determined by solar energy and Earth's movment
Global Climate Change-
large scale change to Earth's climate affecting the biosphere
Types of Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology-
energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and environment
Landscape Ecology-
factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials and organisms across multiple ecosystems
Community Ecology
- how species interactions affect community structure and organization
Population Ecology
- factors affecting population size and change overtime.
Organismal Ecology-
how an organism meets challenges of its environment
Global Ecology-
how regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere
Types of Terrestrial Biomes
Desert-
occur in bands near 30 degrees N and S lattitude
Temp.-
variable seasonally and daily
Precipitation-
low and highly variable
Plants-
low, widely scattered vegetation
Savanna-
equatorial and subequatorial regions
Temp.-
warm year-around with some seasonal changes
Precipitation-
seasonal rainfall with a dry season
Plants-
scattered trees with small leaves and thorns; common wildfires
Tropical Forest-
equatorial and subequatorial regions
Temp.-
constantly hot
Precipitation-
high rainfall
Plants-
dense forest with many layers
Chaparral-
midlattitude coastal regions
Temp.-
average temps
Precipitation-
rainy winters and dry summers
Plants-
small trees and shrubs
Temperate Grassland-
plains and prairies
Temp.-
cold winters and hot summers
Precipitation-
dry winters, wet summers w/ common drought
Plants-
grasses and forbs
Northern Coniferous Forest-
broad band across northern America
Temp.-
cold winters, warm summers
Precipitation-
average rainfall with periodic droughts
Plants-
cone-bearing trees
Temperate Broadleaf Forest-
midlattitudes in the Northern Hemisphere
Temp.-
avg. winters, hot/humid summers
Precipitation-
high rainfall and snow in northern forests
Plants-
deciduous tree forests with distinct layers
Tundra-
expansive areas of the arctic and mountaintops
Temp.-
extremely cold
Precipitation-
very little in arctic tundra and light in alpine tundra
Plants-
herbaceous mosses, grasses, ferns and some small tress and lichen
Ch. 51: Types of Animal Behavior
Associative Learning:
associate a certain stimuli with a specific action
EX: Pavlov's dog --> salivary response to ringing bell
Trial and Error:
training one to do an action
EX: Skinner Box --> teaches rat to touch lever for food
Imprinting:
long-lasting behavioral response to a certain object or individual
EX: baby geese will always follow mom around
Habituation:
same stimuli over and over will cause stimuli to be ignored
EX: prairie dogs will no longer scream in response to human if they keep coming around
Fixed Action Pattern:
series of unlearned acts linked to a simple action
EX: a goose sits on it's eggs and pulls other similar shaped objects in the nest as well
Observational Learning:
watching another organism then mimicking that action
EX: octopus opening a jar
Innate:
behavior that is instinct and present since birth
EX: babies grabbing
Insight:
problem/puzzle solving
EX: candle problem, increased w/social animals
Reasons for Animal Behavior
: all reasons lead to increased reproduction and survival
Mating behavior and mate choice
Competition
Evolution of Foraging for food
Survival from predators
Ch. 53: Population Ecology
Logistic Model
- as pop. size increases, each individual has access to less resources.
Carry Capacity- max pop. that an environment can sustain (K)
Logistic Growth Model-
per capita rate approaches 0 as pop. size nears K
Products of Natural Selection
Diversity of Life Histories-
traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival
Semelparity-
"one-shot" pattern of big-bang reproduction
EX: Salmon
Iteroparity-
repeated reproduction
EX: humans, other mammals
"Trade-Off" and Life Histories-
limit to how may offspring # and resources a parent can devote to each offspring
K-Selection-
selection for traits that are advantageous
r-Selection-
max reproduction to maximize survival
Exponential Model-
used to determine growth rate and ideal pop. growth conditions in which resources remain abundant
Exponential Growth-
when a pop. has all necessary resources needed to increase constantly
Change in Pop. Size
= Births + Immigration -Deaths + Emigration
Density-Dependent factors
regulating population growth
Density Dependent factors
Predation
Territoriality
Disease
Intrinsic Factors
Competition
Toxic Waste
Density Independent
Loss of a food supply
Natural Disasters
Pop. Change and Pop. Density
Density Independent-
birth/death rates do not change with population density
Density Dependent-
death rate increases w/ declining pop. density and birth rate decreases with rising density
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting population density, dispersion and demographics
Density and Dispersion
Density-
# of individuals per unit area or volume, changes as individuals are added/removed from the pop.
Immigration- i
nflux of new individuals from other ares
Emigration-
movement of individuals out of a pop. and into other places
Patterns of Dispersion-
pattern of spacing among individuals within boundaries of a population
Demographics
- study of statistics of a pop. and their change overtime
Life Tables-
summarizes survival and reproduction of specific age-groups in a pop.
Survivorship Curves-
plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age
Reproductive Rates-
the measure of reproduction by either direct counts or the mark-recapture method.
Human Population Growth
- 7.2 + billion people currently
Global Human Population
Age Structure
Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy
Regional Patterns and Pop. Change-
Global Carrying Capacity
Estimates of Carrying Capacity
Limits on Human Pop. Size