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Lecture 31: Dealing With Pathogens (Adaptive Immunity: Found only in…
Lecture 31: Dealing With Pathogens
Non-specific immunity: Defends against a wide variety of pathogens. Gross anatomical level or molecular level
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) found in plants, fungi, animals bind to PAMPs
“Toll-like receptors” (TLRs) are found in animals and in fungi
Recognize PAMPs
Specific immunity targets a particular disease strain
Innate Immunity: dominant form
Adaptive Immunity: Found only in vertebrates and is specific
Involves antibodies & T cells, rearrangement of DNA
Four Key Features
Discrimination of self from non-self
Diversity
Specificity
Immunological memory
Antibodies belong to a group of proteins called immunoglobulins
Antibody diversity is generated by random rearrangement of genomic sequences in differentiating B cells.
Class switching- exchanging C regions- can occur after exposure to antigen
Anatomical defenses in innate immunity:
Exoskeleton in Insects
Vertebrate skin
Plant Epidermis
Blood, lymph, & immunity in vertebrates (Specific)
Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow; white blood cells of various types play key roles in both nonspecific and specific immunity
Lymph: Fluid derived from blood and other tissues. From tissues, lymph moves into lymph system vessels
Lymph vessels join and eventually form the thoracic duct, which joins the circulatory system at a major vein near the heart
Lymphocytes: involved in removing invaders from lymph in nodes and staging specific immune response
Nonspecific Immunity:
Phagocytes- white blood cells, travel freely
Inflammation is a response to injury.
Mast cells are cells adhering to skin and organ linings; release chemical signals:
Prostaglandins—dilate blood vessels and interact with nerve endings, responsible for pain
Histamine—amino acid derivative that leads to itching and allergic reactions