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Study Guide (Central Dogma of Biology (Nucleic Acid Structure (The four…
Study Guide
Central Dogma of Biology
Gene-a unit of genetic information for a particular trait that occupies a specific position on a chromosome
Role of Protein in Genetic Traits: the shape of the protein determines role and function of the cell
Nucleic Acid Structure
The three parts of a Nucleotide are a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
The four varieties of DNA nucleotide : Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cystosine(C), Thymine
The four varieties of RNA : guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil
DNA: Double Helix, Sugar-phospate backbone has dexoxyribose sugar, Bases: Cytosine with Guanine Adenine with Thymine, Molecule is very long – millions of bases contained in a single molecule
RNA: Single Helix, Sugar-phosphate backbone has ribose sugar
Bases: Cytosine with Guanine
Adenine with Uracil
Molecule is relatively short – 50 to a few thousands of bases contained in a single molecule
Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.
Translation: Ribosomes using information in mRNA to build a particular a protein by stringing particular amino acids together
mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus, tRNA attaches to the ribosome
tRNA: Small RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome for polymerization into a polypeptide
codon:a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
anticodon: a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
stop codons: a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins
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Mutation - change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that may or may not change the phenotype of an organism
Somatic Cells (body cells) - doesn’t get passed on, but can cause disease and/or cancer
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Insertion or Deletion -
Causes a frameshift - any insertion or deletion not a multiple of three - all codons following will be changed.
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Replication: The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA
4 RNA:
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rRNA - Ribosomal RNA: With ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA.
snRNA - Small nuclear RNA: With proteins, forms complexes that are used in RNA processing in eukaryotes. (Not found in prokaryotes.)
Transcription -
Copying the information in the DNA molecule into the structure of a mRNA molecule. Performed by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
introns:a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
Exons: a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.
Introns do not code for protiens and interrupt the sequence of genes.Exons code protiens or peptide sequences