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Classification and Systematics (Levels of taxonomic categories (Species…
Classification and Systematics
Concepts
Phylogeny
Hereditary relationships of any group of organisms
Nomenclature
System of names
Natural system of classification
Closely related organisms are classified together
Levels of taxonomic categories
Species
Set of individuals closely related by descent from a common ancestor
Can interbreed
Genera (genus)
Group of closely related species
Family
Composed of one, several, or many genera
Order
Class
Division
Kingdom
Monophyletic
All descendants of a genus are related to each other by a common ancestor
Polyphyletic
Members have evolved from different ancestors
Taxon
Group
Cladistics
Understanding cladograms
Diagram that shows evolutionary patterns
Node
Point at which the cladogram branches
Clade
Any ancestor and all of the branches that lead from it
Paraphyletic group
Does not contain all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor
Symplesiomorphy
Uninformative traits
Parsimony
Prefer the simplest hypothesis
Unresolved polychotomy
Various species with little data are on the same node
Cladograms and taxonomic categories
Basal angiosperms
Living descendants of early-diverging clades of angiosperms
Eudicots
The rest of the dicots
Method of analyzing phylogenetic, evolutionary relationships
Synapomorphies
Features similar to each other because of a common ancestor
Homoplasies
Natural selection favors mutations in each line that result in similar phenotypes
Other types of classification systems
Artificial systems of classification
Several key characters are chosen as the basis of classification
Classification systems for fossils
Form genera
All fossils with the same basic form or structure are classified together
Taxonomic studies
Type specimen
Single preserved plant that truly carries the name
Isotypes
Other specimens similar to the type specimen
The major lines of evolution
Grade classification
Old classification of protista
Kingdom Plantae
Clade of true plants
