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ORNITHOLOGY :bird:FINAL:bird: (REPRODUCTION :woman-kiss-man: (Matingā¦
ORNITHOLOGY :bird:FINAL:bird:
REPRODUCTION
:woman-kiss-man:
Courtship & Mate Choice :fire:
Nuptial Gifts :gift_heart: (resource provision) females want males who are good at finding food so their young will be good at finding food. :dove_of_peace:
Sharing a mate :woman::skin-tone-3::man::skin-tone-2: :woman::skin-tone-5: "They'd rather share a good male than be stuck with 1 low quality male"
Orniments & Displays
Long tails (peacocks)
territorial
Passerines (song birds)
BIRD SONG :musical_score:
Song Vs. Call
Song: attracts mate or repels rival :musical_note:
Call: All other vocalizations :speaking_head_in_silhouette:
Easy bird calls
Mocking Bird- 3+ repeats phrases
Brown Thrasher- 2 phrases
Catbird- 1 phrase
Males usually sing but sometimes birds duet (cardinal)
Song comes from syrinx which is between lungs
Diff frequencies
Wide Freq.
Narrow Freq.
Mobbing call
Mating Systems :bar_chart:
Social Monogomy
(most common)= 1 male 1 female both raise young. Birds are both genetic parent of their young they raise :family:
Polygny
= Male bird impreganates female, leaves to seek more females to impregnate. Females raise chicks alone. :pregnant_woman::skin-tone-2:
Polyandry
= female bird abandons eggs, male raises them :man::skin-tone-2:
Polygynadry
= group of males and females cooperate to raise young. :family: :family: :family:
*
EXTRA PAIR COPULATIONS (EPC) no way to determine father without genetic tests.
Leks
= 1 or few females elect mate from many males competing
30% of chicks in nest have diff. fathers than the others
sperm competition; Its the first sperm the egg accepts, not the first sperm. males peck at females cloaca to get out other sperm. female gets diff. sperm from different males.
Raising a Family :baby_symbol:
Begging
- chicks beg for food and sometimes parents decide that healthier bird babies get more food and unhealthier ones dont
Imprinting
- crucial stage in chicks They get identity
Diff levels of independence in chicks (precocial vs altricial)
Males & Females are different
Males= ZZ
Can father more young
compete for females through song, performance, gifts, etc
Females= ZW
choose male based on song, performance, nuptial gifts, etc
Anisogamy- male gametes are smaller
Bioenergetics
"nothing is free"
female gives up parental duties to save energy & lay more eggs
FORAGING
:mag_right:
OPTIMAL FORAGING
When birds drop shells, larger shells are easier to crack
Bird migrate to areas with most prey
RISK AND FORAGING
birds sometimes have to go out from their camouflaged areas to find more food and they take a risk.
Foraging
Finding food and capturing prey
Bird have
advanced sight
(ospreys and owls have forward pointing eyes) side eyes allow for binocular or monocular view.
Birds will look at other birds success to locate food
Competitive exclusion principal
DILUTION EFFECT: strength in numbers
Foraging Responses
RATE (pecks/second) :timer_clock:
SEARCH VELOCITY (steps/second) :footprints:
FORAGING EFFORT :muscle: (pecks//step)
Multiple Attacks
Search Interval
Prey Variables
egg density
surface CV
FORAGING IN FLOCKS
increased efficiency in foraging
birds don't drop shells from very high bc birds will steal it
dilution effect: less likely to be caught by predator
broken wing display, tonic immobility (playing dead)
PREDATOR AVOIDANCE
camoflauge
distraction displays
chicks play dead to survive (
tonic immobility
)
Alarm calls to give up the predators element of surprise. Alerts the entire flock.
Mobbing- a bird gets a group of birds to scare away or attack hunter
Flocks ensure best safety against predators
POPULATION, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION
:recycle:
Communities :sunrise_over_mountains:
All living components in a particular time or place
EXTINCITION :skull: and CONVERVATION :check:
Biggest Threats to Birds :red_flag:
:ballot_box_with_check:Habitat Loss (BIGGEST ISSUE) Habitat conversion (shopping mall, parking lot, etc), habitat degradation, etc
:ballot_box_with_check: Climate Change/ Pollution (physical objects, light, sound)
:ballot_box_with_check: Invasive Species (competitors, predators, human harassment)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)
RAMSAR
(a location)
TREATY
- protects waterfowl and wading shorebirds that migrate long distances.
POPULATION :bird: :bird: :bird: :bird:
a group of interbreeding individuals @ a particular time or place
DISSECTION :hocho:
TYPES OF OWL PELLETS
:arrow_upper_left:Northwest
:arrow_lower_right:Southeast
STEPS
Pluck Feathers from Neck :necktie:
Remove Chest Plate :chestnut:
Rinse under warm water :sweat_drops: