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Individual Differences Attitudes (A predisposition to feel and act in a…
Individual Differences
Attitudes
A predisposition to feel and act in a particular way towards something or someone in a persons environment
Attitudes are learned, judgemental and fairly enduring. Based on false information are classed as prejudice
Components of Attitudes
COGNITIVE - This is the beliefs about something based on past experiences and learning from others
AFFECTIVE - An emotional aspect such as positive feelings like enjoyment or negative feelings like hostility
BEHAVIOURAL - The behaviours that we demonstrate in different situations (giving up, avoidance, commitment)
Factors Affecting Attitude
Previous Experiences - Attitudes develop through previous positive or negative experiences
Role Models - Significant others are often copied or reinforce poor experiences for an individual
Emotions - Feelings towards things can lead to positive or negative attitude formation
Beliefs - The thoughts people have about things based on education
Opportunities - Having or not having the opportunity to do or experience things can lead to attitude formation
Media - Positive or negative reporting can influence attitudes of people
Rebellion - A desire to be different and oppose authority can influence attitude development
Ability/Perceptions - A perceived lack of ability can lead to learned helplessness, low self esteem
Culture/Social Norms - Cultural expectations and religious beliefs can shape attitudes due to wanting to belong to a group
Attributions - Attributing success to internal reasons leads to mastery orientation
Methods of Changing Attitudes
The Cognitive Element - Changing beliefs through education to change attitudes
The Affective Element - Changing emotions/feelings to change attitudes
The Behavioural Element - Changing actions to change attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
Positive Reinforcement - Praise/Reward for thought, emotion or behaviour
Negative Reinforcement - Removing a negative stimulus to encourage a change
Punishment - Punishing a negative thought, emotion or nehaviour
Cognitive Method - Promoting and getting someone to believe in something
Affective Method - Ensuring enjoyment is an activity resulting in positive attitudes
Attributional Retraining - Change uncontrollable attributions to controllable change stable
Vicarious Experiences - Watching/listening to others who have different attitudes
Persuasive Communication
The person doing the persuading (Role Models)
The quality of the message (Relevant and Significant)
The person receiving the message (Psychologically mature and intelligent enough to understand it)