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Flowers & Reproduction (Flower Structure & Cross-Pollination…
Flowers & Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation
Several methods evolved.
Adventitious roots
Sexual Reproduction
Plant Life Cycle
Gametes
Sperms
Eggs
Zygote
Sporophyte Phase
Flower Structure
Petals
Above Sepals
Perianth = petals + sepals
Corolla
All petals together
Stamens
Above petals
Collectively Androecium
Two parts
Filament (Stalk)
Anther
Carpels
Gynoecium
Three main parts
Stigma
Catches Pollen Grains
Style
Elevates the Stigma
Ovary
Megaspores Produced
Pedicel
Flower Stalk
Receptacle
End of axis
Complete Flowers
Incomplete Flowers
Sepals
Lowermost
Outermost
Modified Leaves
Calyx
All sepals together
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
Vegetative Cell
Large
Generative Cell
Small Lens-shaped
Pollen Tube
Megagametophyte
Embryo Sac
Large Central Cell
Two Polar Nuclei
3 Small Antipodal Cells
Egg Apparatus
Fertilization
Plasmogamy
Fusion
Protoplasts of gametes
Karyogamy
Fusion
Nuclei
Double Fertilization
Endosperm
Both Coenocytic & Cellular
Embryo & Seed Development
Suspensor
Stalk-like structure
Cotyledons
Short axis
Radicle
Embryonic Root
Epicotyl
Embryonic Stem
Hypocotyl
Root/Shoot Junction
Albuminous Seed
Mature Seed
Fruit Development
Fruit
Matured Ovary
Three distinct layers
Exocarp
Outer Layer
Mesocarp
Middle Layer
Endocarp
Innermost Layer
Flower Structure & Cross-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
Carpel by Pollen
From different individual
Stigma & Pollen Incompatibility
Compatibility barriers
Chemical reactions
between pollen and carpels
Monoecious & Dioecious Species
Essential Organs
Stamens & Carpels
Provide important spores
Imperfect vs. Perfect Flowers
Nonessential Organs
Sepals & Petals
Do not produce spores
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
Coevolution
Insects & Flowers
Bats & Flowers
Birds & Flowers
Actinomorphic or Regular
Radially Symmetrical
Zygomorphic
Bilaterally Symmetrical
Wind-Pollinated Flowers
Ovary Position
Inferior Ovary
Epigynous
Superior Ovary
Hypogynous Parts
Half-Inferior
Perigynous
Self-Pollination
Carpel by Pollen
From same flower
Stame & Style Maturation Time
Anthers release pollen
while stigma tissues are immature
Style is still elongating
Inflorescences & Pollination
Many flowers grouped
Collective visual signal
Two groups
Determinate Inflorescences
Limited growth potential
Indeterminate Inflorescences
Lowest or Outermost Flowers
Open First
Fruit Types/Seed Dispersal
True Fruits
Contains only ovarian tissue
Classification of Fruit Types
Dry vs. Fleshy
Dehiscent Fruits
Break open
Release Seeds
Indehiscent Fruits
Accessory Fruit
False Fruit
Non ovarian tissue present
Simple Fruit
Most common kind
Aggregate Fruit
Raspberries
Multiple Fruit
Figs, Mulberries, Pineapple
