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Unit 9-Music & Cultural Identity (Aaron Copland(1900-1990) (Popular…
Unit 9-Music & Cultural Identity
Chapter 30
North Indian Classical Music
Music passed down via oral tradition
Repertories of motives and themes-not a piece of music
Centuries-old performance tradition linked to Hinduism(12th century)
All memorized-no notation
Music System
Tala-complex rhythmic cycle; translation-clap
Drone-form of harmony; striking of strings that sustain pitches
Raga: series of pitches, projects mood, time of day
Ravi Shankar(1920-2012)
Taught his daughter Anoushka and the Beatle George Harrison
Raga Rock
Influenced Indian music in 1960 & 70s pop music
Performed at Woodstock in 1969
One best known sitar players and teacher
Raga Bhimpalasi
Ascending and descending raga
Complex rhythm
Improvised melodic elaborations
Form-
Gat
Jhala
Alap
Chapter 44
Chinese Opera
Leading form of entertainment in China for centuries
Beijing opera
Most prestigious
Blend-music/mime/dance/costumes
Themes-novels & politics
Cultural Revolution(1966
Opera
After the Cultural Revolution, Beijing opera enjoyed a revival
8 approved as "model plays"
Traditional opera were banned
Communist Regime
Purge China of class-structured society
The WEST the ENEMY
Leader-Mao Zedong
The Story of the Red Lantern
No romance
Heard on radio, film, and live performances
Based on 1958 novel-Will be Followers of Revolution by Daoyuan
Singing styles and accompanying instruments very different from Western opera
"To be such a person" for soprano soloist accompanied by traditional Chinese instruments
Chapter 47
Japanese Music
Westerners experienced a "craze" for all things Japanese
Pentatonic(5 notes)
Japan adopted elements of Western culture
US Navy ended isolation
Echigo Jishi (The Lion of Echigo)
1811
Kabuki play
Kakubei-entertainer-steals things while performing a lion dance
Two versions presented here
Simple tune played on the shamisen
Dance performance with drum and shamisen variations
Chapter 62
Javanese Gamelan
Oral tradition & performed by memory
Passed down from master to apprentice
Mostly metallic percussion instruments
Interaction of the melodic movement with a cyclical rhythmic structure determines the form of the work
Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist influences
1889 Paris World Exhibition-introduced to Western culture
Traditional ensemble music of Java, Bali, and Sundan-Indonesia
Patalon
Story from Hindu epic-Ramayana
Melody based on pentatonic scale
Overture to shadow-puppet play
Drum marks transition between sections
First section slow & stately
Singer elaborates melody
Chapter 64
East African Drumming
Europeans once viewd African music to be "primitive" due to lack of melodic & harmonic content
Oral tradition
Repeating patterns that superimpose on each other
Passed down from master to apprentice
Royal Drum Ensembles of Uganda-Entenga
Music played at courts
Consist of both pitched and unpitched drums
Uganda
Ensemble has 6 musicians and 15 drums
Use pentatonic and polyrhythms
Ensiriba Ya Munage Katego
Polyrhythimic
Subchief-Kangawo-wears a leopard skin headband for good luck
Gapped melodies with interweaving new patterns
One night the headband disappears and he feels so unprotected that he falls ill and dies.
Pentatonic
Chapter 57 & 59: Modern American Sound
The Harlem Renaissance
Location-Harlem, NYC
Growing sense of a new black identity
In the 1920s and 30s, African American artists paying tribute
Famous Artists
Sculptor Richmond Barthe
Poet Langston Hughes
Poet Zora Neale Hurston
Musicians Duke Ellington and William Grant Still
William Grant Still(1895-1978)
Afro-american Symphony(1931)
1934 moved to Los Angeles-film and television scores
Opened wider range of opportunities for African American musicians
1949 opera Troubled Island
Search for a "modern American sound"
Moved to Memphis, then New York
Studied Violin
Grew up in Little Rock, Arkansas
Listening Guide 49: Grant Still's Suite for Violin and Piano
1943
Established practices to evoke images of black America's artistic efforts
Each movement based on a different artwork by African American artists
All movements use modal harmonies and blues-style melodies
The last movement flashy and syncopated, with a "stride" bass
Modern American Nationalism
Compelling American sounds from attempts to integrate vernacular and "serious music traditions
Music from various parts of the country
Patriotism a part of national identity
Art should "serve the American people" (Copland)
Non-concert traditions played a vital role in North American musical life of the late 1800s
Charles Ives (1874-1954)
Studied composition at Yale
Decided against music as a profession and became insurance agent; composed in his spare time.
Church organist(13)
Gradually became known to the general public; famous by age 73
Born in Danbury, Connecticut
Experimental Composer
Listening Guide 51: Country Band March
Complex of tunes, mostly well-known musical quotations from Ives's childhood
Simulates an amateur band's skills
March for wind band
Harshly dissonant, polutonal
1903
Sense of humor
Aaron Copland(1900-1990)
Popular ballets & film scores
Investigated in 1950s as Communist supporter
In the 1930s and 40s changed directions-populist style
Wide appeal and music useful in a variety of contexts
Studied with Nadia Boulanger
Rooted primarily in Appalachian and other Anglo-American folk melodies
Born in Brooklyn
Listening Guide 52: Appalachian Spring
Portrays a pioneer celebration
Opening section of the suite evokes daybreak
Ballet Suite in 7 sections
Lots of changing ton color and individual instruments featured
1945