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ECOLOGY (CH 51 (ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (Associative Learning (Example (Pavlovs…

- - - - Example
        
        Pavlovs experiment is where he trained dogs to come when he rang the bell and he would feed them. so anytime the bell would ring they would salivate in anticipation of being fed even if he didn't feed them
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        this can be trained so yes it can evolve. learned behavior
      - Definition
        
        when you associate one stimuli with an effect that follows
    - - Example
        
        crows being taught to bring coins to a vending machine because food will come out. mice being taught to pull a lever to receive food in their cage
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        can be taught so it can evolve. learned behavior
      - Definition
        
        any time a behavior is taught
    - - Example
        
        geese imprinting on their mother and follow them around until adulthood. Salmon imprint on chemicals in rivers and stream so when they come back they remember the area
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        what an animal imprints on can evolve but the behavior will be the same. innate behavior
      - Definition
        
        happens during a critical period in your lifetime
    - - Example
        
        giving a sea anename a piece of shrimp over and over and it keeps eating it, then you start giving it plastic over and over, it will eventually habitual to the piece of plastic because its no longer getting food and recognizes that
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        species will evolve this behavior as needed, because they don't always want the same response to stimuli. learned behavior
      - Definition
        
        when you get the same stimuli over and over and you eventually ignore it
    - - Example
        
        a goose that sits on its eggs until they hatch. they will do it even iff is just an egg shaped object. Or humans doing the "eye brow raise" hello.
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        this is a genetically based behavior that could evolve if a better way is discovered. innate behavior
      - Definition
        
        A series of actions you're going to take until completion
    - - Example
        
        if you put an octopus in a tank with other octopi and give them a problem, maybe half will solve the issue, like unscrewing a bottle to get to food. but if you put an octopus in a tank next to the other it will watch and learn the behavior
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        this behavior evolves as it learns new things. learned behavior
      - Definition
        
        watching another organism and mimicking them
    - - Example
        
        When a sea turtle hatches, it automatically crawls to the sea without direction. Or a baby automatic grasping response
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        these behaviors can be evolved by natural selection. innate behavior
      - Definition
        
        Fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli. Automatic behavior you have from birth/day one
    - - Example
        
        put a chimpanzee in a room with some boxes and a banana on the ceiling, it will eventually figure out that if it stacks the boxes it can reach the banana on the ceiling
      - Can or Cant Evolve?
        
        yes, because its a learned behavior. but some animals don't have the capacity to problem solve, or have insight, because it is not and innate behavior
      - Definition
        
        he capacity to gain an accurate and intuitive understanding of something
- - - - Chaparral
        
        Temp: fall winter and spring are cool
        
        Plants: dominated by shrubs and small trees along with many kinds of grasses and herbs. plant diversity is high
        
        Precipitation: highly seasonal, rainy winters and dry summers
        
        Animals: native mammals include browsers such as deer and goats that feed on twigs and buds pf woody vegetation, and high diversity of small mammals. chaparrals support many kinds of amphibians, birds, insects and reptiles
        
        locations: this biome occurs in midlatitude coastal regions on several continents
      - Temperate Grassland
        
        Plants: dominant plants are grasses and forms. adapted to droughts and fires
        
        Animals: large grazers such as bison and wild horses. inhabited by wide variety of burrowing mammals such as prairie dogs in North America
        
        Temp: winters are cold and summers are hot
        
        Precipitation:highly seasonal, with relatively dry winters and wet summers
        
        locations: South Africa, Hungary, Russia, Argentina, Central North America
      - Savanna
        
        Plants: scattered trees found at different densities, often thorny with small leaves, well adapted to dry conditions
        
        Animals:large plant eating mammals like zebras, and predators, including lions and hyenas. dominant herbivores are insects
        
        Temp: warm year round
        
        Precipitation: seasonal rainfall
        
        locations: occurs in equatorial and subequatorial
      - Northern Coniferous Forest
        
        Temp: winters are usually cold and summers may be hot
        
        Plants:dominated by cone-bearing trees, such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock. some of which depend on fire to regenerate
        
        Precipitation: annually the range is 30 to 70 cm and periodic droughts are common
        
        Animals: migratory birds, moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers
        
        locations: extending in a broad band across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the arctic tundra (largest terrestrial biome on earth)
      - Desert
        
        Temp: variable seasonally and daily
        
        Plants: dominated by low, widely scattered vegetation including succulents such as cacti and shrubs
        
        Precipitation: low/dry and highly variable
        
        Animals: snakes, lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles and birds
        
        locations: occur in bands near 30 degree north and south latitude in the interior of continents
      - Temperate Broadleaf Forest
        
        Temp: winters are cold and summers are hot and humid
        
        Plants: distinct vertical layers. dominant plants are deciduous trees
        
        Precipitation: 70-200 cm annually
        
        Animals: many mammals hibernate in the winter while many birds migrate to warmer climates. mammals, birds, and insects make use of all the vertical layers of the forest
        
        locations: mainly in midlatitudes in northern hemisphere
      - Tropical Forest
        
        Temp: hot year round
        
        Plants: vertically layered environment, abundant vegetation broadleaf evergreens are dominant
        
        Precipitation: rain forest = wet / dry forest =seasonal
        
        Animals: home to millions of species including amphibians, birds, and other reptiles, mammals, and anthropods, are adapted to the vertically layered environment and often inconspicuous
        
        locations: occur in equatorial and subequatorial regions
      - Tundra
        
        Temp: cold
        
        Plants: mostly herbaceous, consisting of mixtures of mosses and grasses, forms, shrubs, trees and lichens. permafrost restricts the graph of plant roots (permanently frozen layer of soil)
        
        Precipitation: 20-60 cm annually (exceed 100 cm in alpine tundra)
        
        Animals: large grazing musk oxen are resident, while caribou and reindeer are migratory. predators include bears, wolves, and foxes. birds migrate for summer nesting
        
        locations: covers expansive ares of the arctic. 20% of earths land surface
    - - Estuaries
        
        Chemical Characteristics: salinity varies specially within estuaries, from nearly that of fresh water to that of seawater. salinity also varies with he rise and fall of the tide
        
        Physical Characteristics: transition area between land and sea, seawater flows up the estuary channel during a rising tide and flows back down during the falling tide
      - Interdtidal Zones
        
        Chemical Characteristics: oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high and are renewed with each turn of the tides
        
        Physical Characteristics: periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shores
      - Streams/Rivers
        
        Chemical Characteristics: the salt and nutrient content of streams and rivers increases from the headwaters to the mouth
        
        Physical Characteristics: most dominant characteristics include speed and volume of flow
      - Ocean Pelagic Zones
        
        Chemical Characteristics: oxygen levels are generally high, nutrient concentrations are generally lower than in coastal waters
        
        Physical Characteristics: a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
      - Wetlands
        
        Chemical Characteristics: because of high organic production by plants and decomposition by microbes and other organisms, the water and soil is low in dissolved oxygen
        
        Physical Characteristics:habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
      - Coral Reefs
        
        Chemical Characteristics: corals require high oxygen levels and are excluded bu high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
        
        Physical Characteristics: formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals. shallow reef building corals live in the photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity, primarily near islands and on the edge of some continents
      - Lakes
        
        Chemical Characteristics: the salinity, oxygen concentration, and nutrient content differ greatly and can very with season
        
        Physical Characteristics: ranges from ponds a few square feet to covering thousands of square kilometers. light decreases with depth creating stratification
      - Marine Benthic Zones
        
        Chemical Characteristics: except in ares of organic enrichment, oxygen is usually present at sufficient concentrations to support diverse animal life
        
        Physical Characteristics: consists of the sea floor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neurotic zone and the offshore, pelagic zone
    - - The most significant influence on the distribution of organisms on land and in the ocean is CLIMATE
        
        Precipitaion
        
        Global air circulation and precipitation is initiated by intense solar radiation near the equator
        
        Temperature and Sunlight
        
        Latitudinal Variation in sunlight intensity is caused by earths curved shape
        
        Seasonal Variation in sunlight intensity because earth is tilted on its axis relative to its plane of orbit around the sun, the intensity of solar radiation varies seasonally. The Coriolis effect, an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force ) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.
        
        Wind
        
        Global air circulation and precipitation is initiated by intense solar radiation near the equator
        
        Mountains influence air flow. the Rain Shadow Effect, An area having relatively little precipitation due to the effect of a topographic barrier, especially a mountain range, that causes the prevailing winds to lose their moisture on the windward side, causing the leeward side to be dry.
        
        Bodies of water influence air flow
- - - - In exponential growth, a population's per capita (per individual) growth rate stays the same regardless of population size, making the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger.
      - In nature, populations may grow exponentially for some period, but they will ultimately be limited by resource availability.
      - In logistic growth, a population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the carrying capacity (
      - Exponential growth produces a J-shaped curve, while logistic growth produces an S-shaped curve.
    - - If resources become limited, population growth rate slows and eventually stops; this is known as logistic population growth
      - The environment limits population growth by changing birth and death rates
      - In the presence of abundant resources, populations can grow at geometric or exponential rates
    - - A population consists of all the organisms of a given species that live in a particular area.
      - The statistical study of populations and how they change over time is called demography.
      - Two important measures of a population are population size, the number of individuals, and population density, the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
      - Ecologists estimate the size and density of populations using quadrats and the mark-recapture method.
      - The organisms in a population may be distributed in a uniform, random, or clumped pattern. Uniform means that the population is evenly spaced, random indicates random spacing, and clumped means that the population is distributed in clusters.
    - - Global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.616 billion in 2018. It is expected to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. Many nations with rapid population growth have low standards of living, whereas many nations with low rates of population growth have high standards of living.