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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination…
Flowers and Reproduction
Concepts
Reprodduction
Offspring similar
Offspring different
Seeds
Long distance dispersal
Asexual Reproduction
Within Angiosperms
Fragmentation
Spreading plants
Establish advantageous roots
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
Gametes
Sperm
Eggs
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Sporophyte Phase
One phase
Spores
after meiosis
Fertilization
Gametes fuse
Gametophyte
Haploid plant
Microgametes
Small sperm cells
Megagmetes
Large eggs
Heteromorphic generations
Gametophytes dont resemble sporophytes
Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte and gametophyte
Flower Structure
Sepals
Lowest and outermost
Four floral appendages
Calyx
All sepals together
Petals
Make up corolla
Perianth
Sepals and petals
Stamens
Above petals
Filament
Stalk
Anther
Where pollen produced
Pollen
Carpels
Constitute the gynoecium
Stigma
Catches pollen
Style
Elevates stifma
Ovary
Megaspores produced
Placentae
Inside ovary
Nucellus
Mass of parenchyma
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
Vegatative cell
large
Generative cell
small
Pollen Tube
penetrates stigma
Megagametophyte
Embryo sac
multinucleate megagametophyte
Polar nuclei
two
Central cell
large
Antipodal cells
3 small
Egg aparatus
Fertilization
Plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts
Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
Double fertilization
sperm undergo fusions
Endosperm
Coenocytic and cellular
Embryo and Seed Development
Suspensor
Embryo into endosperm
Cotyledons
two primordia
Radicle
embryonic root
Epicoyl
embryonic stem
Hypocotyl
root/shoot junction
Albuminious seed
abundant endosperm
Exalbuminous
sparse endosperm
Seed Coat
Fruit Development
Fruit
Mature ovary
Exocarp
Outer layer
Mesocarp
Flesh
Endocarp
innermost layer
Pericarp
entire fruit wall
Inflorescence and Pollination
Many flowers grouped together
Determinate infloresence
limited potential growth
Indeterminate inflorescences
Outermost open firts
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
Pollen from different individual
Self-pollination
Pollination from self
Stamen and Style Maturation TImes
No living pollen
Young flowers open anters
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
Compatibility barriers
prevent pollen growth
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
Essential organs
Carpels
Stamens
Imperfect flower
Lack essential organs
Dioecious
Only carpelate or stamenate
Monoecious
Staminate and carpellate
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
Coevolution
Regular
Stems and roots
Zygomorphic
Bilaterally symmetrical flowers
Wind-Pollinated Flowers
Distinct set of modificatiosn
Aided by growth pattern
Dense populations
Ovary Position
Inferior ovary
Below other organs
Superior ovary
Above other parts
Half-inferior
Partially buried
Fruit Types and Pollination
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
True fruit
only ovarian tissue
Accessory fruit
non-ovarian tissue
Simple fruit
from single ovary
Aggregate fruit
Separate carpel fuse
Multiple fruit
All fuse
Classification of Fruit Types
Indehiscent fruit
Other carry seeds off
Dehiscent fruit
Breaks to release seeds
