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Ch 9: Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (Embryo& seed…
Ch 9: Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
within Angiosperms
fragmentation
evolved asexual reproduction
plant splits apart
grows into mature plant
Sexual Reproduction
Plant life cycle
diploid plants
haploid sex cells
gametes
sperms
eggs
egg+sperm
zygote
single diploid cell
sporophyte phase
sporophytes
always diploid
produces spores
single cell
cant fuse
undergo mitosis
produce haploid plant
gametophyte
fertilization
gametes fuse w/gametes
produces diploid zygote
also called syngamy
Mammalian gametes
microgametes
small sperm cells
swim
microgametophytes
male
grow from microspores
megagametes
large eggs
dont swim
megagametophytes
female
grow from megaspores
alternation of generations
life cycle
two generations
sporeophyte
gametophyte
heteromorphic generations
sporophyte and gametophyte
easily distinguishable morphologically
Flower Structure
flower
stem w/leaf like structures
pedical
flower stalk
receptacle
flower parts attach
complete flowers
contain all appendages
sepals
petals
stamens
carpels
incomplete flowers
contain 1-2 appendages
Sepals
lowermost and outermost
protect flower bud
insects & birds
enclose flower parts
calyx
all sepals together
thick, toughest and waxiest
Petals
above sepals& receptacle
flat & thin
contain pigments
have few to no fibers
attract correct pollinators
allowing sexual reproduction
Stamens
above petals
produces pollen
microspores & microgametophytes
produces spores not gametes
has 2 parts
filament
stalk
anther
pollen production area
composed of diploid cells
Carpels
located on receptacle
3 main parts
stigma
catches pollen grains
style
elevates stigma
ovary
megaspore production area
ovules
stalk called funiculus
carry water/nutrients
nucellus
central mass parenchyma
when fertilized
turns into seed
involved in production
megaspores
seeds
fruits
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
developed from microspores
small and simple
vegetative cell
do not rise
generative cell
rises to sperm
Megagametophyte
developed megaspores
develop through mitotic division
nutrients from parent sporophyte
Fertilization
plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
double fertilization
sperm/nuclei undergo fusion
one egg nucleus
one polar nuclei
endosperm nuclei
fusion polar nuclei
in embryo sac
endosperm
nourishes zygote development
Embryo& seed development
suspensor
pushes embryo -> endosperm
cotyledons
nutrient storage
nutrient transfer
in embryos
seed plants
radical
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic stem
hypocotyl
root/shoot junction
albuminous seed
mature
abundant endosperm
exalbuminous
endosperm is sparse
at maturity
seed coat
protective layer
Known as testa
Fruit development
fruit
ovule into seed
ovary into fruit
exocarp
outer layer
skin
mesocarp
middle layer
flesh
endocarp
innermost layer- pit
pericarp
entire fruit wall
Flower Structure & Cross pollination
self pollination
pollination by same plant
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
anthers & stigmas
maturing different times
prevent self-fertilization
not effective
ensuring cross pollination
Stigma and pollen incomplatibility
compatibility barriers
inhibits self pollination
prevent pollen growth
chemical reactions
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
essential organs
produce important spores
perfect flowers
Has essential organs
nonessential organs
do not produce spores
Example- petals and sepals
Dioecy
has two types sporophyte
Example- marijuana
known as dioecious
Monoecy
has imperfect flowers
located on same sporophyte
Example- corn
known as monoecious
Animal Pollinated Flowers
coevolution
2 species adapt
to each other
actinomorphic
radially symmetrical flowers
zygomorphic
bilaterally symmetrical flowers
Wind pollinated flowers
produce small flowers
several thousand
Ovary Position
ovaries buried deep
inferior ovary
located below
sepals
petals
stamens
epigynous
superior ovary
located above
sepals
petals
stamens
hypogynous parts
superior ovary
partially buried ovaries
Inflorescences & Pollination
inflorescence
discrete group of flowers
plant can control
initiation timing
maturation
opening of flowers
cast a visual signal
determinate inflorescences
limited growth potential
terminal flower opens first
indeterminate inflorences
lowest flowers open first
growth not limited
Fruit types and seed dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
true fruit
fruits w/ ovarian tissue
only
accessory fruit
fruits with nonovarian tissue
simple fruit
develops from single ovary
most common
aggregate fruit
separate carpels fuse
Multiple fruit
individual fruits
fuse into 1
from inflorescence
Classification of fruits
dry
not typically eaten
dispersing animals
Dehiscent fruit
break open
release seeds
indehiscent fruits
dont break open
dont release fruits
fleshy
are eaten/dispersed
