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Planning Legislation A historical overview (Historically (later Empires…
Planning Legislation
A historical overview
Historically
later Empires
types
egyptian
roman
greek
forms of ownership
deeds
wills
public records evincing ownership
rationale for ownership
agriculture
exclusive dominion and control
over land into which one puts labour
early societies
land was a communal resource
England
time periods/events
saxons
the Germanic
village community
private ownership but with strong communal forces
Danish wars
(military considerations)
feudal structure
land was held at sufferance of nobility,
with hierarchy
reciprocal rights and obligations of landowners
they are stewards
Norman conquest of 1066
Magna Carta 1215
Tenures Abolition Act of 1660
tenure gave way to laissez-faire
"fee simple" estate holders had unfettered rights of alienation and
complete dominion and control over use and enjoyment of land
EXCEPT
use of land in manner detrimental to neighbours
trespass
nuisance
support
riparian rights
principles of Rylands v Fletcher (escaped pollution)
industrialization of 19th century
epidemic and large-scale:
pollution
fires
traffic
human waste
housing shortage
Governmental action
community sewage and water systems
passing health regulations
constructing more and better housing
industrial philanthropists designing
new communities
Robert Owen
Sir Titus Salt
Edward Ackroyd
small, one-industry communities
failed to address problems of large industrial cities
Ebenezer Howard
"garden city"
garden communities as satellite towns of larger cities
planned in advance
balance of segregated residential, commerial and public uses
buffered by lots of open green space
North America
USA
"city beautiful"
built upon "garden city" segregation
allowed variations in street configurations
allowed self-contained neighborhoods interspersed with parks
emphasized
grand civic centres and structures
1893 World Exposition in Chicago
Canada
Problems and solutions
early days
lead by
engineers
architects
surveyors
lack of good housing
#
"city efficient"
efficiency in subdivision
securing sound servicing infrastructure
zoning
local governments siloed into agencies
Post-WWII
population growth
inadequate housing
land speculation
uncontrolled and scattered development
Government solutions
mortgage financing for home buyers
public housing programs
shift from
zoning
to
community planning
regional planning introduced to deal with the urban fringes
1960's and 70's
environmental concern
"conservation" movement
Northwest Territories
Alberta