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Parasite Control (Ectoparasites (Insect growth regulatiors (Affect insect…
Parasite Control
Ectoparasites
Phenylpyrazoles
Acts by blocking the action of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) which kills the parasite. It kills adult fleas, ticks, sarcoptic mites, cheyletiella spp and neotrombicula
Examples: Fipronil, pyriprole
Fipronil is licensed to treat fleas and ticks. In combination with methoprene, it also controls flea multiplication
Formamidines
Inhibits monoamine oxidase, which results in increased nervous activity
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Side effects of treatment include sedation, pruritis, hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension and hyperglycaemia. Side effects are mainly seen in chihuahuas and so these drugs should not be used in this breed. Amitraz should not be used in cats
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Metaflumizone
Recently developed drug which is a semi-carbazone. It blocks sodium channel in insect nerves and inhibits nerve impulses. This causes the parasites to stop feeding, become paralysed and die
Metaflumizone is used to treat fleas in catsm and is combined with amitraz to treat fleas and ticks in dogs
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Synthetic pyrethroids
Synthetic pyrethoids have a similar effect to that of pyrethrin. They are of low toxicity except in cats, in which they have been fatal.
Deltamethrin is used in a collar licensed to control ticks and sandfly and have an anti-feeding effect in mosquitoes
Permethrin poisoning tends to occur in cats when owners use dog spot-on preparations on their cats. Cats have died from permethrin poisoning so it is worth educating owners of the dangers
Pyrethrin is extracted from the chrysanthemum flower. Pyrethrins are natural insecticides, which block sodium channels of axons in the parasite nervous system
Endoparasites
Endoparasiticides or anthelmintics are drugs used to control internal parasites (roundworms, tapeworms and flukes). Anthelmintics need to be selectively toxic to the parasite by acting on a process specific to the parasite and not affecting the animal
Tetrahydropyrimidines
Pyrantel embonate is used in some combination wormers to treat roundworms to treat roundworms and tapeworms
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Emodepside binds to receptors on the neuromuscular synapses to cause paralysis and death of the nematode. It kills roundworms (including hookworms) and is used in combination with praziquantel, in a spot-on to kill most worms in cats.
Praziquantel is a tapeworm specific anthelmintic, which induces an influx of calcium ions, to cause spasm of the tapeworm. Tapeworms are then digested by the host
Benzimidazoles
Bind to tubulin, disrupting cell structure and preventing the parasite from taking up nutrients
Used to treat roundworms in cats and dogs and are excreted, predominantly, unchanged, in the faeces
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Imidazothiazoles
Febantel is convered in the GI tract the fenbendazole. Used in some combination wormers with pyrantel and praziquantel
Piperazine affects nervous transmission in parasites, causing paralysis of the parasite, which enables the animal to expel them from the GI tract. Piperazine is used in the treatment of ascarid roundworms.