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Lecture 5: Housing in Cities ~ Desai, 2012 (Urbanisation and Housing the…
Lecture 5: Housing in Cities ~ Desai, 2012
Urbanisation and Housing the Poor (Desai, 2012)
SDG - Target 11.1 - "By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
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As of 2005, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest share of its urban population residing in slums - 72%
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MDC Goal 7, Target 11 - Goal to improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
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Post WW2 sees urban biases of private industry clustering, welfare concentration (Gilbert and Gugler, 1992) along with decolonisation and civil wars (Brown, 2008) have concentrated more migration activity towards urban regions.
"This means that the level of demographic growth is out of proportion with the capacity of the urban economy to support its populace" - :213
Verso, 2006 - Planet of Slums - States that neoliberalism and capital led policy generates powerful market and commerce but at the expense of the majority, pushing the poor further out into the margins.
"Financial constraints combined with rising competition for urban land leading to land scarcity will force more poor people into rental tenure" : 213
When looking at the history of state management of slum dwellings, it originally was perceived as problem that will drown out with minimal intervention arguing against Turner's, 1960 comments r.e. slum dwellers. Issues of disease spreading where approached but limited resources restricted any further reform in housing.
1970s saw a shift towards legal land tenure and service provision to facilitate access to credit to which Hernando de Soto (2000) argues for. But as Bromley (2004) and Gilbert (2002) states, this is exaggerated and credit will remain scarce and other costs come into land tutelage - e.g. taxes
1980s sees rise of market, "since then the task of the state has been to create the legal, institutional and economic framework but not to provide housing...known as enabling strategies - more capital led city restructuring exacerbating inequalities whilst promoting self reliance :214
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Even though the quality of housing between cities vary according to land market value, state economy, governance and climate and topography, majority of slum dwellers live in inadequate accommodation with limited access to basic services such as water and electricity - making their lives at constant precariousness.
As Gilbert, 2002 states, state show little interest in housing due to it supposedly contributing towards economy - even though labour forces have to be housed.
Private sectors have aimed to address pop densities with vertical buildings but usually the poor are unable to pay for the rent and these buildings often come at the expense of slum demolition, destroying the networks established by its residents, displacing them and leaving them worse off - E.g. Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Programme
South Korea forcibly evicted 5 million slum residents in the past 30 years in the interest of the city's economic and beautification transformation (Satterthwaite, 2005)
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These challenges of hyper-urbanisation, neoliberal enterprise and state compliance has resulted in issues of segregation, in return enforcing gated communities (Brunn, 2005) and thus increasing violence and crime.
Conclusion
"governments and municipalities arguably come under greater pressure not just to play the role of 'enablers' to facilitate the functioning of markets, but also to act as agents for greater social justice and environmental sustainability" : 217