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Methodology (Observation (Observational design (Behavioural categorioes…

- - - - Difficult to make clear and unambigous
      - Dustbin categories
    - - Reduces the number of observations
      - May be unrepresentative
    - - May record infrequent behaviour
      - Complex behaviour is oversimplified
- - - - Designed to get only needed data
  - - - Sensitive
      - May be un representative
    - - Unaffected by extreme scores
      - Less sensitive than the mean
    - - Relevant to categorical data
      - An overly simple measure
  - - - easy to calculate
      - Doesn't account for distribution of scores
    - - More precise than then range
      - It may be misleading
- - - - Adviertise
  - - - Asking people nearby
  - - - e.g every Nth person selected from list
  - - - The large group of people studied
    - - Usually not possible to include all members of the pop so smaller group is selected
    - - group over/under represented
  - - - Subgroups identified, relative % of subgroup represented in sample
  - - - Representation not garaunteed
      - Potentially unbiased
      - Equal chance
        
        Lottery method
- - - - pps = more comfortable in own environment
    - - cause and effect?
    - - informed consent?
        
        Invasion of privacy
  - - - Lack of controlled variables
  - - - :house: and :male-office-worker::skin-tone-2: on the DV can be minimised
    - - :hamburger: procedure = can be repeated
        
        If results same = :ballot_box_with_check:
    - - Lab = artificial
        
        ∴
  - - - Comparisons can be made
      - pps not randomly allocated
        
        Negative pp variables may have caused change in DV
      - High control
        
        Increased confidence in drawing casaul conclusions
      - Difficult to establish causal relatiuonships
        
        Cant be certain what is causal
- - - - Double blind used to reduce investigator effects (and demand characteristics)
    - - No order effects
        
        Only tested once so cannot become bored/tired, etc
        
        And unlikely to guess research aims
        
        Meant to be more natural
      - Will not guess aim :bow_and_arrow:
      - Participant variables
        
        May reduce validity of the study
        
        Due to confounding and extraneous variables
      - More participants
        
        Need twice as many pps for same data
        
        More time spent recruiting :timer_clock: :money_with_wings:
    - - Same pps take part in all conditions of experiment
        
        Fewer pps (1/2 as many needed than in independant)
        
        Order effects problem (reduces the validity)
        
        Particpant variables
        
        Person in both conditions has the same characteristics
        
        Controls important CV
        
        Pps may guess aims :bow_and_arrow: (therefore change behaviour)
    - - Two groups of pps used but related to each other by being paired on pp variables
        
        Participant variables
        
        pps matched on a variable that is relevant to the experiment
        
        increases validity
        
        No order effects
        
        pps only tested once so no practice or fatigue effects
        
        increases validity
        
        Matching is not perfect
        
        Matching = time consuming and can't control all relevant variables
        
        May not address pp variables
        
        More participants
        
        Need 2x as many pps as repeated measures for same data
        
        More time spent recruiting which is expensive :money_with_wings::timer_clock:
  - - - Things the researcher cannot control
      - E.g post event discussion, interview techniques
    - - Individual differences
        
        e.g educational differences
        
        Ainsworth;
        
        Quality of attachment vs temperament (Kagan 1982) between cultures
      - Twins;
        
        Genetic disposition vs environmental factors
    - - Where the pps change their behaviour in order to better please the researcher or aims of the experiment
        
        e.g Milgram, Bandura's Bobo doll :clown_face:
        
        They may answer questions even if they don't know the answer (especially yes or no q's) just to please the experimentor
  - - - Facts and statistics about society
      - Something measurable
    - - interpretivists say most statistics are decided by peoples ideas for what the topic is/isn't
- - - - easy to replicate
      - Interviewees cannot elaborate
    - - Greater flexibility
      - Difficult to replicate