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Epistemology (Wisdom (Approaches to Wisdom: (Valerie Tiberius - The…

- - - - Wisdom includes but is not limited to rationality.Takes issues with the top-down cognitive approaches to wisdom.
      - Wisdom can be found in making choices in a state of less complete awareness, less than full perceptions.
      - Perspective: a pattern of attention that highlights a subset of our values and brings the associated beliefs and emotions in to the foreground.
        
        Practical Perspective; Engaged in the here and now. This is largely where and how we come to know what is valuable. We then use this to inform the reflective perspective.
        
        Reflective Perspective: Results in a kind of forced ranking of what is good or important in life. Part of what ends up reflectied upon is experience gained whilst living unreflectively.
        The wise person is able to negotiate various perspectives without engaging in intellectual or abstracted reflection.
        
        Wisdom as attentional flexibility: We have agency over perspective shifts and this is where it relates to practical wisdom. Wisdom comes in where one shifts perspectives at the right time, the right way and for the right reasons: this is the kind of attentional flexibility that counts as a reflective virtue
        
        The wise person must be able to shift perspective from within the practical perspective which presents a problem given that the reasons for shifting perspective present themselves in the reflective perspective. A wise person has the attentional flexibility to be able to recognise the force of other values from within a practical perspective.
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        The wise person has the attentional flexibility to be able to shift perspectives from within the practical perspective even though the reasons for shifting perspective present themselves in the reflective perspective.
        Because the resources for shifting perspectives must be ones that are available from within a particular engaged practical perspective, the wise person must have the ability to appreciate reasons for shifting perspectives that do not require reflective engagement or explicit rational thought.
        
        Thus wisdom is a kind of embodied moment to moment self-awareness and an ability to regulate ones state in an appropriate manner.
        
        Instead, practical wisdom’s intellectual demands on us are like those of the other virtues: it requires that we make judgments (about character or values) that are informed by a conception of what is good for a person, but it does not require—in fact, it may sometimes preclude—a full and reflective knowledge of this conception while we are making these judgments.
        
        Of course, having the right values is not sufficient for living well, or for wisdom. The wise must also be guided by these values. One obstacle to being guided by our reflective values is that we may not have a very good idea of what they are. Another obstacle is that we may not have the ability to pursue them fully because we are plagued by doubt or excessive reflection. Attentional flexibility helps us with these problems.
    - - Methodically shows why wisdom as epistemic humility fails - one can be humbel but noit wise, one can know they know very little and not be wise.
      - Also holds that wisdom as pure knowledge of a subjct confuses wisdom with pure expertise
        
        Wisdom is not just knowledge of a lot of topics, some are more important than others.
        
        A wise person must know a lot but what the wise person must know matters
        
        What is it then that one must know a lot about in order to be wise? Is it how to live welll
        
        Must a wise person actually live well though?
        
        Yes but can;t always live well - maybe its living as best as possible given their circumstances.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Behaviour is the big issue. Someones behaviour can't stop them from being someone who lives well and this is where the problem comes in repedetly. How to reconclie the application condition with the examples of behaviour not being required for wisdom?
        
        Main issue with knowledge based theories of wisdom is the lack of the application condition.
      - DRT(Deep Rationality Theory)
        
        a wise person is a person who is rational and who is deeply committed to increasing his or her level of rationality.
        
        On her view part of the intellectual/knowledge component is coming from the idea that wise people are people we can go to for insights/knowledge/advice. Strikes me that this need not come from their actual knowledge and could instead come from their phenomenology/perspective.
        
        Overly broad, awkwardly accounting for everything conception with 4 conditions.
        
        Also critique the fact that it supposedly accounts for emotion in a rational way - this is awkward and doesn’t make huge sense.
    - - Influenced by aristotle's sophia in the nichomachean ethics. r
        
        Aristotle held that wisdom is a combination of nous (intellect) and phroenesis (practical wisdom)
        
        Nous: Involves a rational or intuitive grasp of first principles. Thus sophia also involves an understanding of first principles ajd basic metaphysical truths that follow from them
      - SOPHIA:
        
        Type 1: Epistemic State Condition:
        
        something to be desired or aimed at. wants to equate this conception of sophia with wisdom. Firstly says in alignment with whitcomb that knowledge in any domain makes the person who possesses it wiser than the one who doesnt. Sophia as an epistemic state conception is a form of understanding similar to whit combs conception of deep understanding. Baehr however adds the restriction that makes it only pertain to “epistemically significant subject matter”.
        
        Type 2: cognitive faculty conception
        
        a cognitive ability or capacity that in some sense aims at or is directed toward the end in question—it is the faculty on account of which a person is able to grasp or comprehend the relevant content. Not as an epistemic good but as the ability for one to attain this epistemic good. a cognitive faculty or ability that is aimed at and allows its possessor to lay hold of ‘deep explanatory understanding of epistemically significant subject matters.
        
        Type 3: The Intellectual Trait Conception
        
        a personal orientation or trait that aims at and in some respect makes possible the acquisition of the epistemic good in question. On this conception, to possess sophia is to possess a positive volitional or desiderative orientation toward—a kind of ‘love’ of—the relevant understanding, together with a disposition to act on behalf of or to pursue such understanding.a disposition to inquire in a certain way
    - - wisdom consists in knowledge of how to live well, and that this knowledge of how to live well is constituted by various further kinds of knowledge.
        
        For him knowledge of how to live well is made up of three types of knowledge:
        
        Critique of this view: Ryans argument agains the knowledge condition is that justified beliefs is better for holding that someone is wise than knowledge is - this is because having knowledge requires that the thing be true whilst having justified beliefs means that there is just a rational process behind the conclusion that one has landed upon.
        
        The application condition he admits is the main contender against his view.
        
        Knowledge of what is good or important for well-being
        
        Knowledge of one’s standing relative to what is good or important for well-being
        
        Knowledge of a strategy for obtaining what is good or important for wellbeing
        
        Wisdom is not a state short of knowledge (eg. rationality like ryan argues) and there is no independent kind of wisdom (theoretical wisdom as argued by Baehr and Whitcomb).
        
        incipient wisdom - it’s more about the progressive realisation of wisdom rather than actually being wise or actualised as wise.
        
        Semantics of Wisdom: There is the focal or primary use of the term or word wisdom which would be used when saying that someone is wise and then there would be the secondary way such as saying that this is a wise choice. Wisdom of a person - a persons being wise
    - - Critique of Grimm
        
        1) knowledge is required for wisdom rather than merely rationality, warrant or justification 2) the traditional distinction between theoretical and practical wisdom does not hold.
        
        Knowledge implies truth which is not necessary for wisdom - rather justified belief makes more sense.
        
        Wisdom if its being formulated as involving knowledge is culturally dependent as knowledge (at least the kind involved in wisdom) is culturally constructed and embedded.
  - - - A kind of reformulation of Socrates view which holds that one is wise if they believe that they only know what they know. However believing you only know what you actually know does not necessitate wisdom. There is more to it than that. This may point to a condition of wisdom however - that wise people think they have knowledge only when their beliefs are totally justified.
    - - All of the views that endorse this more or less agree that wise people know what it is important to know. One view is that one is wise if they are knowledgable across and in many domains. However big problem here is that many knowledgable people aint wise. As Robert Nozick points out, “Wisdom is not just knowing fundamental truths, if these are unconnected with the guidance of life or with a perspective on its meaning”.
        
        Wisdom as knowledge can or may include both practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom given that both include knowledge of how to live well. Same issue of knowing lots or knowing how to live well but not really doing so.
        Some kind of success condition is a good idea then such that it requires that one put their knowledge into practice.
      - Murky nature of the kind of knowledge that comprises wisdom. It can;t be distilled. A test can't be taken on it. WHat kind of knoledge is it then though?
      - Another issue is that one must be correct about what it is they believe as knowledge relates to truth.
    - - Hybrd theory may involve knowing how to live well and deep understanding or both of those plus actually living well.
      - Practical Wisdom:
        
        Potential problem here is the implication of practical wisdom on actually living well. Any view that rests wisdom upon behaviour is troubling for this reason.
        
        Issues: Knowledge accounts struggle with knowledge translating into actually living well. Application condition. Behavioural accounts: Struggle with one not being wise if there behaviour is altered, even if it is just altered by things that are beyond their control.
      - Theoretical Wisdom:
        
        Issue for theoretical wisdom is domain specificity. If it is domain specific it can easily become redundant to wisdom. It seems that what one is theoretically wise with respect to matters, ideally one would be theoretically wise with respect to something that relates to the fundamental nature of reality. This is what it seems to get at.
        
        On the one hand it's a cognitive good/state: a matter of knowing certain facts about the ultimate structure of the universe.
    - - Advantages to this are that its an epistemic good that is more basic than knowledge. Intuition is another more basic good. These can then dodge some of the issues that the knowledge accounts face such as the application condition.
    - - It's not quite just that one is wise if they believe they are not wise. Rather its more that one is wise iff one believes they do not know anything. Many problems with this. Humility theories are not promising but do provide us with some important character traits associated with wise people. eg. lacking in arrogance - any theory of wisdom should account for these traits.