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Chapter 9 Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross Pollination…
Chapter 9 Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Fragmentation
Individual sections of plants become self sufficient
vining plants
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
More complex than humans
Sporophyte Phase
Sporophyte= diploid
Gameophyte
Haploid cell
Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Sporophyes + Gameophytes
Flower stucture
Sepal
Modified leaves
enclose flower parts until mature
Petals
Attract pollinators
Stamen
Male part of flower
Carpels
1: Stigma
Catches pollen
2:Style
elevates stigma to position
3: Ovary
Where megaspores are produces
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
consists of:
Vegetative Cell
Two Sperm Cells: Microgametes
Megagametophyte
Megaspores develop into this
Fertilization
Plasmogany
Fusion of protoplasts of the gametes
Karyogamy
Fusion on Nuclei
Embryo + Seed development
Zygotes grow by:
Nuclear Division
Cellular Division
Fruit Development
Ovaries mature into fruits
3 layers of growth
Exocarp
Outer layer: Skin, peel
Mesocarp
Flesh
Endocarp
pits
pericap
All layers
Flower Structure and Cross Pollination
Cross-Pollination
Pollination by another individual
Self-Pollination
Pollination by same plant
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
Flowers need to mature at the same time
This allows for pollination
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
Self-pollination is :red_cross: in some species
Inhibited by compatibility barriers
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
Flowers lack essential organs
Imperfect flowers
Dioecious
Plants have 1 sex
Monoecious
Have carpel + Stamen
Animal- Pollinated Flowers
Insect/flower association began 120 Mil yrs ago
Coevolution
Have Flowers
Wind- Pollinated Flowers
Sepals: Reduces/Absent
Grasses, Oaks, Hickories
Ovary Position
Need to be protects
Also fertalized
Inflorescences and Pollination
Inflorescenses
Many flowers together
Able to control
Initiation
Maturation
Opening of flower
Basic Arrangements
Determinate Inflorescences
Limited growing potential
Terminal flower opens 1st
Indeterminate Inflorescences
Lower, outermost flowers open 1st
No main axis
Fruit types and Seed dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
True fuit
Contains only ovaries
Accessory Fruit
nonovarian tissue
Classification of Fruit types
Dry
Dehiscent
Break open/release seeds
Fleshy
Indehiscent
